PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MH0051 – Health
Administration
1. Explain the types of
epidemiological studies and list the uses of epidemiology.
Types of Epidemiological Studies (Observational and Experimental)
Epidemiological studies
can be divided into two basic types depending on (a) whether
the events have
already happened (retrospective) or (b)
whether the events
may happen in
the future (prospective). The
most common studies are the retrospective studies which are also called casecontrol studies.
A case-control study
may begin when
an outbreak of disease
is noted and
the causes of
the disease are
not known, or the
disease is unusual within the population studied.
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2. Describe the demographic
profile of India.
A. Definition of health
In simple
words health can be
defined as a
condition of physical,
mental, and social well-being
and the absence
of disease or
other abnormal condition. It is
not a static condition. René Dubos, often quoted in nursing education, says,
"The states of health or disease are the expressions of the success or
failure experienced by
the organism in
its efforts to
respond adaptively to environmental challenges."
As
defined by World Health Organization (WHO), Basic health is a "State of
complete physical, mental,
and social well
being, and not
merely the absence of disease or
infirmity." Health is a dynamic
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3. Define disaster management.
Explain the steps in disaster management.
Definition of disaster management
Disaster management is
the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. It is a discipline that
involves preparing for disaster before it occurs, disaster response (e.g.,
emergency evacuation, quarantine, mass
decontamination, etc.), and supporting,
and rebuilding society
after natural or
human-made disasters have occurred.
Steps in disaster management
Mainly there
are four steps
in disaster management:
mitigation, preparedness,
response and recovery.
Every disaster is
different and response is
decided by the events
at hand. Disasters
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4. What is ergonomics? Discuss
the occupational related legislations in India..
Ergonomics
The
applied science of equipment design, as for the workplace, intended to maximize
productivity by reducing operator fatigue and discomfort is called ergonomics.
The primary aim of ergonomics according to Grandjean, is to optimize the
functioning of a system by adapting it to human capacities and needs. The
principles of ergonomics
can be applied
to the relationships between the worker and work as
well as between the man and the leisure activities. An excellent ergonomic
solution will not
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5. Explain the different types of health insurance policies in India
Definition of health insurance
Health insurance
is insurance that
pays for medical
expenses. It is sometimes
used more broadly
to include insurance
covering disability or long-term
nursing or custodial
care needs. It
may be provided
through a government-sponsored social
insurance program, or from private insurance companies. It may be bought on a
group basis (e.g., by a firm to cover its employees) or bought by individual
consumers. In each case, the covered groups or individuals pay premiums or
taxes to help
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6. Discuss the impact of lifestyle
diseases on healthcare industry and economy.
Impact of lifestyle diseases on healthcare industry and economy
Lifestyle diseases like
diabetes, hypertension and other circulatory diseases are on the rise as a
result of the adoption of modern diets high in saturated fats, oils
and processed sugar.
A lot of
people are suffering
from such diseases which
reduce their work
efficiency.
Healthcare industry
has to apportion a large amount
of funds for these type of diseases, and need to employ doctors
and medical practitioners
for curing them
despite curing other widely
spread diseases. Whereas
it has an
adverse effect of the
economy as well
because the disease
incidence is occurring
in younger population strata,
which restricts the
ability of the
stricken individual to
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SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MH0052 – Hospital
Organization, Operations and Planning
1. Define a hospital. Discuss the
various functions of hospital.
A. Definition
The WHO definition of a
‘hospital’:
“A hospital
is an integral
part of a
social and medical
organization, the function of
which is to provide for the population complete health care, both curative and
preventive, and whose
outpatient services reach
out to the family in its home environment; the
hospital is also a centre for the training
of health workers and
biosocial research”.
Explanation of various functions of hospitals
1. Patient
Care may be
inpatient or outpatient
ambulatory care, emergency care,
acute care and rehabilitation care.
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2. List the various committees in a hospital setting. Discuss the factors
that affect the effectiveness of committees.
A Listing the various committees
·
Management / Administrative Committee
·
Medical
Staff executive committee
·
Quality Assurance Committee
·
Medical
records committee
·
Infection
control committee
Explanation of the factors that affect the effectiveness of committees
Purpose and scope:
Has it
been carefully spelt
out and defined?
Unless this is
done, the members may
not know whether
they are responsible
for a decision,
a recommendation or just
an inconclusive discussion
for the benefit
of the chairman.
Need and Size
Is the committee the
best solution for accomplishing the defined purpose? or would a meeting with a
few subordinates in one session would do? Is the size of the committee
appropriate? Is it too large or too small? What should be the adequate number?
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3. Explain the process of material
management in a hospital.
A Overview of material
management
1 Need for material planning in hospitals
1. Too many areas where materials are used
2. Knowledge of requirements of persons involved
in healthcare
3. Knowledge of good or bad suppliers
4. Large number of items
5. Complicated process of healthcare service
2 Essential Principles for Managing Hospital Materials
3 Objectives of
Materials Management
A. Primary Objectives:
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4. Discuss in brief the planning,
design and staffing of a billing department in a hospital.
The Central
billing department plays
an important role,
as liaison office between the management and the
patients, in addition to its prime duty of billing. The immense patience, human
relations and hospitality is the need of the hour to alleviate the problems of
patients who are in distress, as the words spoken and deeds undertaken by the
staff working at this department project the theme of humanity. One of the
commonest problems faced by the discharged patients at all hospitals is the
delay in discharge due to slow bill generation. The same can be overcome or
reduced to a great extent by
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5. Discuss the managerial skills
required to be possessed by a health service manager.
Managerial skills can be
broadly divided into the following three categories:
A. Knowledge of Subordinate Functions - Technical and Administrative
– The
performance of all
operative and technical
tasks is not a
prerequisite for a
manager, but he/she
should be well
versed with all technical specialties under his/her
general command, so that, if the need arises,
the resources or
manpower can be
shifted or rescheduled
to achieve maximum benefits.
– A
manager should be
familiar with the
administrative problems of the
middle or lower level
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6. Imagine that you are appointed as a consultant for setting up a
Radiology and X-ray unit in a tertiary care teaching hospital. What are the
planning considerations you have to keep in your mind before executing the
task?
Importance of X-ray diagnosis
The X-ray
and radiology services
are very important
diagnostic and therapeutic
departments. They help in:
·
Diagnosis of the
disease, i.e. pneumonia, lung abscess etc.
·
Treatment (in
therapeutic procedures)
·
Prognosis
It is vital that the functioning
of the department be efficient in order to have rapid services and quick
diagnosis. Some of the expectations from the X-ray department are:
Faster service needed:
Fast service will help
in making quick diagnosis, resulting in quick recovery which in turn will
reduce the average length of stay. This results in reduced cost for both the
patient and the hospital. In case of increased ALS patient turnover will be
less and this affects the hospital adversely.
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PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MH0053 – Hospital &
Healthcare Information Management
1. Discuss the organizational
arrangements for the HMIS in India.
Organizational Arrangements for
the HMIS in India
The organizational
arrangement of HMIS and the agencies responsible for it is discussed
in the three
levels namely central,
state and district.
A. Central Level
At the central level
there are four major agencies dealing with the HMIS.
1. Central Bureau of Health Intelligence (CBHI)
Central Bureau of
Health Intelligence (CBHI) is the health intelligence wing of the Directorate
General of Health Services. At the national level it is the main organization
which deals with the collection, compilation, analysis and dissemination of
the information on the health
conditions in the
country,
covering various
aspects of health
including the health
status, health resources,
utilization of health facilities etc.
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2. Explain the
categories of Information
system in hospital.
Add a note
onfunctional areas of Hospital Information System
Categories of Information system in Hospitals
There are
three general categories
of information systems
available in hospitals: clinical
or medical information
system, information system
to support administrative operation
and management planning
and control systems (to consider
as an administrative information system) and ancillary (support service)
technical information system. Taken together, these three categories of
information systems provide
all elements of
information required for the development of total
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3. Define E-health. Discuss the
advantages and challenges in E-health.
Definition
E-health is defined as
the use of communication and information technology in the
field of medicine.
Transfer of medical
records or other
related data takes place through
electronic processes. It also enables two professionals at different
geographical locations to interact with each other.
E-health
is a relatively new term introduced in medical science. The concept of E-health
is supported by electronic and communication technology. The term covers
a wide range
of medical and
healthcare services like telemedicine and m-health. Some say that
E-health is interchangeable with healthcare
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4. Explain the process of audit.
Add a note on types of audit.
The process of audit involves
the following steps:
1. Recognise Problem or
Issue
In this phase, the
issue to be audited is chosen. It also involves evaluating adherence to
healthcare procedures that
have shown best
results for patients.
2. Set Criteria and
Standards
Decisions relating to the
overall purpose of the audit should be written as a series or
a statement of
tasks that the
audit targets. The decisions are based on the following questions:
·
What is expected
from the result of the audit?
·
What questions
should the audit answer?
3. Data Gathering
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5. Discribe the components of
quality assurance in health care.
The main four components of
Quality Assurance (QA) include
1. Quality assessment
2. Utilization Management
3. Credentialing
4. Risk Management
Quality Assessment
It refers to a system
designed to monitor and evaluate quality issues within a healthcare facility.
Quality assessment includes
·
Clinical service
monitoring and evaluation
·
Medical staff
monitoring and evaluation
·
Organization of
wide quality assurance
The above
monitoring and evaluation
processes are used
to evaluate the quality
and appropriateness of
patient care in
all of its
aspects. Hospitals can use
medical staff departments or individual committees for conducting the reviews.
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6. Discuss the threats to
healthcare information.
Threats to Healthcare Information
Today,
the Healthcare Information Systems are exposed to various threats. These threats
result in significant
loss and damage
to medical records. Threats take
an advantage of
vulnerabilities of system
and it affects
the level of confidentiality and
integrity of healthcare
data. Virus, worm
and spam are the common threats to the healthcare information system.
Various studies and analysis on threats have been carried by number of
researchers by considering different factors of healthcare information security
system. Threats to the healthcare information system can be viewed in two
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PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MH0054 – Finance, Economics
and Planning in Healthcare
1. Give an account of incentives
available to healthcare sector under the income tax act.
Incentives Available to
Healthcare Sector under
the Income Tax Act
Recognizing the
critical role played by the health
Industry, the industry has been conferred with the infrastructure status under
section 10(23G) of the Income Act.
The Indian Health sector
consists of:
·
Medical care
providers like physicians, specialist clinics, nursing homes, hospitals.
·
Diagnostic service
centers and pathology laboratories.
·
Medical equipment
manufacturers.
·
Contract Research
Organizations (CRO's), pharmaceutical manufacturers.
·
Third party support
service providers (catering, laundry).
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2. Define health economics?
Discuss the role of economists in healthcare industry.
A Meaning of health economics
Health economics is a
social system that studies the supply and demand of health care resources and
the effect of health services on a population. Generally, "health
economics" has been
used by health
administrators to refer to any
investigation that deals with money in its relationship to health.
There are
several important characteristics of
the medical market
that differentiate it from
the market of
classical economics, of
which two important
considerations being:
·
Profits
motive is not adequate enough to motivate healthcare sector
·
Price is
not the sole factor that determines
the demand and supply
of healthcare services.
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3. Discuss the importance of
financial information in healthcare organisations.
Explanation of financial information in General
Rapid growth
of healthcare facilities
providing direct medical
services has substantially increased
the number of
decision-makers who need
to be familiar with financial
information.
Effective
decision-making in their jobs depends on the accurate information of the
financial information. Many
healthcare decision-makers involved directly in
healthcare delivery –
doctors, nurses, dieticians,
pharmacists, radiation technologist, physical
therapists, inhalation therapists
– are medically or
scientifically trained but
lack education and
experience in business and
finance.
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4. Explain different methods of
evaluation of healthcare services.
There are many methods
to evaluate healthcare services, but the essential and more important ones are
discussed in subsequent sub-sections.
1. Marginal analysis
This is
the one of
simplest method of
micro-economic evaluation. In
this method, there is
no need to
know the total
exact costs or
benefits of the various
services or treatments.
It involves a
comparison of the
marginal costs and benefits
of the alternative
services, and it
leaves much
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5. Define cost accounting. Explain
the various categories of costs.
A. Definition of cost accounting
Cost accounting is the classification,
recording and appropriate allocation of expenditure for
the determination of
the products or
services, and for
the suitable presentation of data for
the purpose of
control and management. The cost
accounting normally includes
the cost of job or
contract, batch, process and so
on. It normally illustrates the following compartments of the cost aspect
of the organisation
viz. production, administration, selling
and distribution. The cost accounting not only reveals the amount of
costs, which are relevant with the product or service, but also
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6. What is financial reporting?
Explain the need for financial reporting.
A Definition of financial
reporting
The knowledge
about the financial
position of an
enterprise is extremely important for
its varied stakeholders.
That is why
they all need
reports developed for divulge such knowledge. Financial reporting is the
technical process involving the development of the reports providing the
knowledge of the financial health of the company.
The elements of the
financial reports include:
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