PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0050 - RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
1. Research is a sequential method
of enquiry, directed towards a clear implicit or explicit objective. Describe
in detail the steps to be carried out in a typical research study.
Meaning of Research : Different
scholars have interpreted the term ‘research’ in many ways. For instance, Fred
Kerlinger (1986) stated that ‘Scientific research is a systematic, controlled
and critical investigation of propositions about various phenomena.’ Grinnell
(1993) has simplified the debate and stated ‘The word research is composed of
two syllables, ‘re’ and ‘search’.
The
dictionary defines the former as a prefix meaning ‘again’, ‘anew’ or ‘over
again’. Search is defined as a verb meaning ‘to examine closely and carefully’,
‘to test and try’, or ‘to probe’. Together, they form a noun describing a
careful, systematic, patient study and investigation in
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Q2. What are descriptive research
designs? Explain the different kinds of descriptive research designs.
Descriptive Research
Designs
As the
name implies, the objective of descriptive research studies is to provide a
comprehensive and detailed explanation of the phenomena under study. The
intended objective might be to give a detailed sketch or profile of the
respondent population being studied. For example, to design an advertising and
sales promotion campaign for high-end watches, a marketer would require a
holistic profile of the population that buys such luxury products. Thus a
descriptive study, (which generates data on who,
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3. The
procedure of testing
hypothesis requires a
researcher to adopt
several steps. Describe in brief
all such steps.
Meaning of Hypothesis :
A hypothesis is an
assumption or a statement that may or may not be true. The hypothesis is tested
on the basis of information obtained from a sample. Instead of asking, for
example, what the mean assessed value of an apartment in a multistoried
building is, one may be interested in knowing whether or not the assessed value
equals some particular value, say `80 lakh. Some other examples could be
whether a new drug is more effective than the existing drug based on the sample
data, and whether the proportion of smokers in a class is different from 0.30.
Steps in Testing of Hypothesis :
The following steps are
followed in the testing of a hypothesis:
Setting up of a
hypothesis:The first step is to establish the hypothesis to be tested. As it is
known, these statistical hypotheses are generally assumptions about the value
of the population
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4. a. Distinguish between:
i. Schedules and Questionnaires
Difference between Schedule and Questionnaire:
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S.No
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Questionnaire
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Schedule
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1
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Questionnaire is
generally sent through mail to informants to be answered as specified in a
covering letter, but otherwise without further assistance from the sender.
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A schedule is generally filled by the research worker or
enumerator, who can interpret the questions when necessary.
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|||
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2
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Data collection is cheap and economical as the money is spent in
preparation of questionnaire and in mailing the same to respondents.
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Data collection is
more expensive as money is spent on enumerators and in imparting trainings to
them. Money is also spent in preparing schedules.
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|||
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3
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Non response is usually high as many people do not respond
and many return the questionnaire without answering all questions. Bias due
to non response often remains indeterminate.
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Non response is very low because this is filled by enumerators
who are able to get answers to all questions. But even in this their remains
the danger of interviewer bias and cheating.
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4
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It is not clear that who replies.
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Identity of respondent is not known.
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5
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The questionnaire method is likely to be very slow since
many respondents do not return the questionnaire.
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Information is collected well in time as they are filled by
enumerators.
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|||
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Q4.a. ii. Open ended and closed ended questions
The main difference between a closed-ended question and an open-ended
question is the type of response that can be given. With a closed-ended
question there are a limited number of choices to choose from when answering,
but with an open-ended question the respondent can answer in their own words
allowing for a wide variety of answers.
Another
difference between a closed-ended question and an open-ended question is the
difficulty level of statistical analysis. The closed-ended question allows
researchers to analyze the data at a much faster rate than the open-ended
question, because there is a limited number of responses. However, the
open-ended question allows for a variety of responses, so it takes a large
amount of time to categorize
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Q4.(b). Explain the questionnaire design process.
Process of
Questionnaire Designing
Even though the questionnaire method is most used by
researchers, designing a well-structured instrument needs considerable skill.
Presented below is a standardized process that a researcher can follow.
1. Convert the
research objectives into information areas : This is the first step of the
design process. By this time the researcher is clear about the research questions;
research objectives; variables to be studied; research information required and
the characteristics of the population being studied.
2. Method of administration : Once the
researcher has identified his information area; he needs to specify how the information
should be collected. The researcher usually has available to him a variety of
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5. a. What is the analysis of
variance? What are the assumptions of the technique? Give a few examples where
this technique could be used.
Meaning : The test of hypothesis
concerning the equality of two population means using both the Zand t tests.
However, if there are more than two populations, the test for the equality of
means could be carried out by considering two populations at a time. This would
be a very cumbersome procedure. One easy way out could be to use the Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA) technique. The technique helps in performing this test in
one go and, therefore, is considered to be important technique of analysis for
the
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5. b. The following data
represents the number of units produced by four operators during three
different shifts:
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Shifts
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Operator
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A
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B
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C
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D
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I
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10
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8
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12
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13
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II
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10
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12
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14
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15
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III
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12
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10
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11
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14
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Perform a two-way analysis of variance and interpret the result.
Ans. 5 . b
M1 vs M2
nonsignificant, M1 vs M3 nonsignificant, M1 vs M4 nonsignificant, M2 vs M3 nonsignificant
M2 vs M4 P<.05
M3 vs M4 nonsignificant
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6. Explain the Structure of the
Research Report. What are the guidelines for effective report writing?
Explanation of the Structure of the Research Report
1. Preliminary Section: This section mainly consists of
identification information for the study conducted. It has the following
individual elements:
Title page:The title
should be crisp and indicative of the nature of the project.
Letter of authorization:The author
of this letter is the business manager who formally gives the permission for
executing the project. The tone of this letter, unlike the above document, is
very precise and formal.
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PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0051-Legal Aspects of
Business
1 “Discharge refers to the
termination of contractual relationship between the parties”. Explain the
statement along with different modes of discharging a contract.
Discharge refers to the
termination of contractual relationship between the parties. The contract ceases to operate,
i.e., when the rights and obligations
under the contract ends. According to Sections 73-75 of the Contracts
Act, a contract may be discharged in several modes.
1. Performance or tender
The obvious
mode of discharge of a contract is by
performance, where the parties
have done whatever
was contemplated under
the contract. Thus,
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2. Explain the meaning of Power of
Attorney, its types and clause related to registration.
Power of attorney is defined by Section
2(21) of the Stamp Act as including “any
instrument not chargeable
with a fee
under the law
relating to court fees for the time being in force,” that
empowers “a specified person to act for and in the name of the person executing
it”. It is the Powers of Attorney Act, 1882, that deals with the subject but
does not define it. In common parlance, a
power of attorney
is an instrument
or a deed
by which a
person is empowered to
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3. Explain the procedure of
registration of partnership firms.
Application for registration
Section 58 lays down the procedure for registration
of partnership firms. A partnership firm may be registered at any time by post,
or delivering to the Registrar of Firms of the area in which the business of
the firm is situated or proposed to be
situated, a statement
in the prescribed
form and accompanied by the prescribed
fee, stating:
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4. What are the circumstances
under which breach of condition is treated as breach of warranty?
Breach of condition to be treated as breach of warranty –
According to Section 13,
under certain circumstances, a
breach of condition
is to be treated
as a breach
of warranty, i.e., the right
to repudiate the
contract is deemed to have been
lost. These circumstances are:
• Where a contract of sale is subject to any condition to be
fulfilled by the seller, the buyer may either:
o Waive the condition
o Elect to treat the breach of the condition as
a breach of warranty.
In such
situations, the buyer is active and is
either waiving the condition or electing to treat the breach of condition as a
breach of warranty. If the buyer
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5. Explain the procedure for
filing a complaint and admission of complaint in consumer protection act.
Procedure for filing a complaint
There is no fee for filing a
complaint before any of the aforesaid bodies. The complainants or their
authorised agent can present the
complaint in person. The complaint can
also be sent
by post to the appropriate
Forum/Commission. The complaint
should be addressed
to the President
of the Forum/Commission. A
complaint should contain the following information:
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6. Write short notes on:
a) Shares and its classification
b) Meetings and its classification
a) Meaning and classification
Section 2
(46) defines a share “as a share in the share capital of a company and includes
stock except where a distinction between stock and share is expressed or
implied”. This definition does not encompass the meaning of a share. A
share of a
company in the
hands of a shareholder signifies
a bundle of rights and obligations [Viswanath vs. East India
Distilleries (1957) 27 Comp. Cas. 175].
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b) Meetings and classification
A company
is an artificial
person and therefore,
must act through
some human intermediary. The various provisions of law empower
shareholders to do certain things. They are specifically reserved for them to
be done in company’s general meetings. Section
291 empowers the Board of
Directors to manage the affairs of
the company. In
this context , meetings
of shareholders and directors
become necessary. The
Act has made provisions for
following
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