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PROGRAM - MBA - SEMESTER II
SUBJECT
CODE & NAME MB 0044 - PRODUCTION AND
OPERATION MANAGEMENT
1. Explain briefly elements of operations strategy? List the elements of operations strategy Explain
the elements of operations strategy (what it involves, provide examples if
required)
Ans. Operations Strategy: Operation strategy is defined as
the set of decisions that are warranted in the operational processes in order
to support the competitive strategies of the business. The objectives stated
above will give the firm a competitive advantage in the products or services
that are served to the customers. Planning of operations strategy is very
essential as it will enable the organisation to respond to the market needs in
an effective manner.
Elements or Components of Operations Strategy
1. Designing of the production system
2. Describe the general factors that influence
the plant location decision?
Ans.
The general factors that influence the plant location are as
follows:
1.
Availability of land
2.
Availability of inputs
3.
Closeness to market places
4.
Communication facilities
5.
Infrastructure
6.
Transport
7.
Government support
8.
Housing and recreation
Description of the general factors that influence the plant
location decision-
1.
Availability
of land: Availability of land plays an important role in determining the
plant
3. Write short notes on
A. Total productive Maintenance
B. GNATT Chart
C. Bullwhip effect in SCM
D. Scheduling in services
Ans.
A. Total productive
Maintenance:
Maintenance
is a function in any operations system. Maintenance keeps the equipments in
good condition. Generally,
equipments deteriorate because usage
causes wear and
tear to the
parts causing inaccuracies
to the products made
by them. When
the deterioration produces
components which exceed the
permitted deviations rendering
them unacceptable,
maintenance is undertaken
to bring back
the machine to
produce acceptable components.
Sometimes the failure is sudden and serious and the equipment
stops working. Disruption
of
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B. GNATT Chart:
“A GANTT chart is a graphical representation of the duration of
tasks against the progression of time.”
A Gantt chart is a useful tool for planning and scheduling
projects as well as for monitoring and
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C.
Bullwhip
effect in SCM:
An organisation always goes
through ups and downs. It is necessary
that the managers of the organisation keep track of the market conditions and
analyse the changes. They must take decisions on the resources and make
necessary changes within
the organisation to
meet the market
demands. Failing to do so may result in wild swings in the orders. This
may adversely affect the functioning of the organisation resulting in lack of
coordination and trust among supply chain members. The changes may affect the
information and may lead
to demand
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D. Scheduling in services:
There are distinctive
difference between the
scheduling followed for manufacturing and services. All these differences have a
direct impact on scheduling. These differences are:
·
Service operations cannot
create inventories to
provide buffer for demand uncertainties
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4. Explain the steps and
tools for changing Project Management Process.
Ans. Change
is the only constant in the world. Same as for anything else, this is true for
business organizations as well. Every now and then, business organizations
change the way they operate and the services/products they offer. There are new
initiatives in organizations and the old
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5. Under
capacity options the company decides to vary the production output by varying
the time, workforce or outsourcing. What are the basic capacity options a
company can choose to meet demand?
Ans.
Capacity options
Under this
option, the company
decides to vary
the production output
by varying the time, workforce, or by outsourcing. A company can choose
from the following basic capacity (production) options:
a) Changing inventory levels:
Under this option the inventory is increased during periods of
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6. Write short notes on:
A. Relevance of Value Engineering in
manufacturing
B. Vendor Managed inventory
C. Rating methods for locating a plant
D. Importance of business process modeling
Ans.
A. Relevance of Value engineering in manufacturing: Modern
manufacturing can be seen from two important perspectives. One is the
management approach which consists of adopting techniques like TQM, JIT,
Kanban, concurrent engineering, lean manufacturing, TPM,
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PROGRAM - MBA -
SEMESTER II
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0045
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
1. When a firm follows wealth
maximization goal, it achieves maximization of market value of a share. Do you
agree? Substantiate your arguments.
Wealth maximisation
The term wealth means
shareholder’s wealth or the wealth of
the persons those who are
involved in the
business concern. Wealth
maximisation is also known as
value maximisation or net present worth maximisation. This objective is an
universally accepted concept in the field of business. Wealth maximisation
is possible only
when the company
pursues policies that would
increase the market value of shares of the company. It has been accepted by the
finance managers as it overcomes the
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2. A) If you deposit Rs 10000 today in a bank that
offers 8% interest, how many years will the amount take to double?
Answer:
Using rule of 72 :
Rate of interest : 8%
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Using rule of 69:
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B) What is the future value of a
regular annuity of Re 1.00 earning a rate
of 12% interest p.a. for 5 years?
Answer :
FVAn = A * FVIFA (12%,5yrs)
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3. The concept
of financial leverage
is a significant,
as it has
direct relation with
capital structure. Do you agree? If so, substantiate your arguments.
Relation between Financial leverage and
the capital structure
Financial leverage
refers to a
firm's use of
fixed-charge securities like debentures and preference shares (though
the latter is not always included in debt) in its plan of financing the assets.
The concept of financial leverage
is a significant one because it has direct relation with
capital structure management. It
determines the relationship that could exist between the
debt and equity securities. A firm which does not issue
fixed-charge securities has an equity
capital structure and
does not have any
financial leverage. However,
it is common for firms to issue some
debt
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4. A project requires an initial
outlay of Rs. 1,00,000. It is expected to generate the cash inflows shown in
table
Year
|
Cash
inflows
|
1
|
50,000
|
2
|
50,000
|
3
|
30,000
|
4
|
40,000
|
What is the IRR of the project?
Solution:
Step 1
The average of annual
cash inflows is computed as shown in below table
Year
|
Cash inflows
|
1
|
50,000
|
2
|
50,000
|
3
|
30,000
|
4
|
40,000
|
Total
|
1,70,000
|
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5. Below Table gives the complete
details of sales and costs of the goods produced by XYZ ltd for the year
31.03.12.
Table : Sales and Costs Produced by XYZ Ltd.
Sales
|
80,000
|
Inventory
|
|
Cost of goods
|
56,000
|
31.03.07
|
9,000
|
31.03.08
|
12,000
|
||
Accounts Receivables
|
|||
31.03.07
|
12,000
|
||
31.03.08
|
16,000
|
||
Accounts Payable
|
|||
31.03.07
|
7,000
|
||
31.03.08
|
10,000
|
What is the length of the operating cycle? What is the cash cycle?
Assume 365 days in a year.
a) length of the operating cycle
b) cash cycle
Answer:-
Operating Cycle =
Inventory Conversion Period + Accounts Receivables Conversion Period
From the
above formula we
need to first
calculate the individual conversion periods.
Inventory conversion period
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6. Facebook bought WhatsApp on
Feb, 19, 2014 for $19 billion. This was split between $4 billion in cash, $12
billion worth of Facebook shares, and $3 billion in restricted stock units to
be paid in four years. Do you think the market capitalization has played a significant role in pricing the
valuation. Discuss the Walter’s model assumptions in this context.
Answer:
Prof. James E Walter
considers that dividend pay – outs are relevant and have a bearing on the share
prices of the firm. He further states that investment policies of a firm cannot
be separated from its dividend policy and both are interlinked. The choice of
an appropriate dividend policy affects the value of the firm. Walter model
clearly establishes a relationship between the firm’s rate of return “r” and
its
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PROGRAM - MBA -
SEMESTER 2
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB0046- Marketing Management
1. Explain the steps in Business
Buying process.
Characteristics of Organisational Buyer:
Organisational buyers
purchase a larger
volume of products
and services than individual
consumers as their demand is influenced by final consumer demand. For this
reason, demands for industrial products are called derived demand. There
are multiple transactions
involved in the
buying process between the
organisational buyer and the set of suppliers.
Steps in business buying process:
1. Step 1: Recognising an organisational need
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2. A brand is a composite set of beliefs and associations in the mind of
consumers. In brand development, as a
part of branding
strategy decision, the
brand manager can
decide to create new brand elements for the new
products, apply some of the existing brand elements to the new product, or use
a combination of existing and new brand elements to the existing and new
products. Explain the different branding strategies used by the companies for
their range of products.
Definition of Brand:
A traditional
definition of brand
stands as a
name, word, mark,
symbol, device, or a combination thereof, used to identify some product
or service of one seller and
to differentiate them
from those of the competitors.
The definition clearly focuses
on the function
of a brand,
that is, to
identify, irrespective of the specific means employed for the identif
ication. A modern definition talks about the brand as a vehicle for delivering
a certain value to the consumers. Hence, a brand is a mental patent and
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3. Explain the classification of market based on nature of Competition
and area.
Definition of market
Earlier, a
market was defined
as a place
where buyers, sellers,
resellers, and
intermediaries met for
exchange of goods
and services. But
with the changing landscape,
modern day marketing has witnessed drastic changes. Globalisation and
technological advances like the Internet
and e-commerce
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4. Personal selling focuses in on ‘personal’ or ‘one to one’ selling. It
involves an individual salesman or a sales team establishing and building a
profitable relationship with customers over a period of time through a series
of steps. Explain the steps in the personal selling process which helps in the
successful sales.
Personal Selling
Personal selling is an
activity which involves a face-to-face interaction with the customers
wherein there is
a quick response
and personal confrontation. This
allows for more
specific adjustment of
the message. Here, the
communication message can be adjusted as per the customer’s specific needs
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5. Describe the stages in consumer decision making process.
Explanation of the stages in consumer decision :
1. Problem recognition
A buying
process starts when a consumer
recognises that there
is a substantial discrepancy
between his/her current
state of satisfaction
and expectations in a consumption situation.
A need
can be activated
through internal or
external stimuli. The
basic needs of common men rise to a particular level and become a drive.
From their previous experiences,
they know how
to satisfy
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6. Do you think the argument of some theorists that the traditional Ps
are not enough for services marketing? Give suitable examples to prove your
point.
Services Marketing
Service sector
is one of the key contributing
factors for the growth of our economy and
civilisation. Though marketing
literature is dominated
by manufacturing and product-centric business
practices, service marketing constitutes a
strategic area, which
has propelled growth
and success for many organisations. Pure services and
products are hypothetical extremes as
every
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PROGRAM - MBA -
SEMESTER II
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0047- MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION SYSTEM
1. Professor A.
Van Cauwenbergh of
Antwerp University, in a paper
presented at the
Tenth Anniversary Conference of
the European Institute
for Advanced Studies
in Management, presented four
revisions to traditional Management Theory. In summary, the revisions are:
(1) The initiative for the renewal
and adjustment of the activities of a firm should come from the different
levels in the
management hierarchy. “Strategy
is not a
privilege of top management”.
(2) Firms, especially
big firms, are
incoherent systems (goals
of the different
component systems are not simply subdivisions of an overall goal; there
are individual, conflicting goals as well).
Some of these
differences are manifestations of
organizational initiative and
vitality. Using information systems
and central planning
and rule-making to
suppress all differences
is destructive to organizations.
(3) The most vital “fluid” of an enterprise is the aggregate of its
entrepreneurial values. The most
fundamental and motivation
and control come
through these shared
values relative to work, quality, efficiency, etc. Management
often neglects these values and assumes that the collection and dissemination
of information will provide sufficient motivation and control.
(4) Enterprises are
open systems; their
structure and operating
processes ar e determined
by their environment. This
means organizations must
be designed to
continually adjust to the
environment.
a. If these revisions are correct, how is planning to be organized?
b. How should the information system support the planning organization?
Below figure depicts the
organisational planning process : -
Fig. : Organisational Planning Process
The aspect
of architecture, the
hardware specification, the
details of software to
be developed, the
language, the nature
of users and
the numbers of users spread over different location, the network
topology are vital inputs that go into the planning the development of an MIS.
a) Development of long range
plans of the MIS
In the
early days of
computing, people viewed
computers as costly instruments, which occupied
large space. Computers were essentially used for the
purpose of computing and accounting the
business transactions. The computers processed data and generated
reports for filing statutory returns. This trend gradually
changed and organisations invested on
computers to address the huge
volume
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2. Information Technology and
Computers have brought information age. The spread of Internet & relative
ease of access made Information Breach easier. Our future is not secure, if our
information is not secure. Information Resources need to be guarded, protected
and controlled. List the precautionary measures to be considered to prevent
cybercrime?
Prevention of cybercrime:
The followings are the
precautionary and preventive measures to be taken into consideration:
·
Use passwords to prevent unauthorised use of the
business information systems. Also enforce the users to adopt a password which
is of certain length, contains special characters, uppercase and lowercase
letters by implementing a security. Use a firewall to prevent the employees
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3. a. While implementing MIS in any organization
change can occur in number of ways. List and explain the steps in the process
as suggested by Lewin’s model.
The steps in the process as suggested by Lewin’s model :
This three step model
gives a manager or change agent an idea of what implementing change means when
dealing with people. The 3 phases of the
Kurt Lewin model provide guidance on how to go about getting people to change:
a manager will implement new processes and re-assign tasks, but change will
only be effective if the people involved embrace it and help putting it into
practice it.
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3. b. Compare between prototype
approach and Life Cycle approach
Prototyping approach
|
Life cycle approach
|
1.
Open system with a high degree
of uncertainty about the information needs. |
1.
Closed systems with little or no
uncertainty about the information needs. The system remains valid for a long time with no significant change. The design would remain stable. |
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4. There is an information
explosion in today’s society. There are lot of advantages of DBMS like proper
maintenance of the data and maintaining security. Explain the process of data
transition using diagram and an example of your own.
Process For data Transition:-
Data that has been
processed is referred to as in information. Information helps in analysis and
decision making. It is observed that information is obtained from the data but
not all data produce useful information. Information is useful when it is
relevant, reliable, accurate, up-to-date, and convenient to the recipient. An
information system is designed in a way to process data to meaningful form,
i.e., to
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5. Write short note on
a. World wide web
b. Voice over IP
c. Intranet
d. Extranet
The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") :- is a global information medium Which users can read and write
via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a
synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over
The Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back
significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. The hypertext portion of
the Web has an interesting history, notable influences being IBM’s. Generalized
Markup Language and Ted Nelson's
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6. Artificial intelligent system functions like a human being and helps a
manager in taking quick decisions. Explain the different applications AI using
diagram.
Artificial Intelligence (AI):- It is the skill and engineering which
includes several scientific mathematical functions to formulate an
organizational system that can conceive and discharge work like a human being.
AI can understand, examine and resolve problems. Such a system
that uses the ingredients artificially is known as artificial intelligence
system. The artificial intelligence system functions like a human being and
helps a manager in taking quick decisions.
Software developed for AI is created using computer language
like prolog, C++, JAVA, LISP
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PROGRAM - MBA
SEMESTER II
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0048 - OPERATIONS RESEARCH
1. Discuss the
methodology of Operations
Research. Explain in
brief the phases
of Operations Research.
Meaning of Operations Research : Churchman, Aackoff,
and Aruoff defined
operations research as
“the application of scientific methods, techniques and tools to the
operation of a system with optimum solutions to the problems” where 'optimum' refers to the best possible
alternative.
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2. a. Explain the graphical method
of solving Linear Programming Problem.
Graphical Methods to Solve LPP
While obtaining the
optimal solution to an LPP by the graphical method, the statement of the
following theorems of linear programming is used:
·
The collection of
all feasible solutions to an LPP constitutes a convex set whose extreme
points correspond to the basic feasible solutions.
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b. A paper
mill produces two
grades of paper
viz., X and
Y. Because of
raw material restrictions, it cannot
produce more than 400 tons of grade X
paper and 300 tons of grade Y paper in a week. There are 160 production hours
in a week. It requires 0.20 and 0.40 hours to produce a ton of grade X and Y
papers. The mill earns a profit of Rs. 200 and Rs. 500 per ton of grade X and Y
paper respectively. Formulate this as a Linear Programming Problem.
Answer:
Let x1 and x2 be the
quantity of two product x and y produced per week.
So they can produce
x1+x2<=400+300 due to restrictions of raw material.
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3 a. Explain how to solve the
degeneracy in transportation problems.
Degeneracy in transportation problem: A basic
solution to an
m-origin, n destination
transportation problem can have at the most m+n-1 positive basic
variables (non-zero), otherwise the basic
solution degenerates. It
follows that whenever
the number of
basic cells is less than m + n – 1, the transportation problem is a
degenerate one.
The degeneracy can develop in two
ways:
Case 1 - The degeneracy develops while determining an
initial assignment via any one of the initial assignment methods discussed
earlier. To resolve degeneracy,
you must augment
the positive
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3. b. Explain the procedure of MODI method of finding solution through
optimality test.
MODI METHOD: - A feasible
solution has to be found always. Rather
than determining a first approximation
by a direct application of the simplex method, it is more efficient to work
with the transportation table. The transportation algorithm is the simplex
method specialised to the format of table involving the following steps:
i) Finding an initial basic feasible solution
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4. a. Explain the steps involved
in Hungarian method of solving Assignment problems.
Hungarian Method Algorithm: Hungarian method algorithm is based on
the concept of opportunity cost and is
more efficient in solving assignment problems.
The following steps are adopted
to solve an AP using the Hungarian method algorithm.
Step 1: Prepare row ruled matrix
by selecting the minimum values for each
row and subtract it from the
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4. b. Find an optimal solution to an assignment problem with the
following cost matrix:
J1
|
J2
|
J3
|
J4
|
|
M1
|
10
|
9
|
8
|
7
|
M2
|
5
|
8
|
7
|
7
|
M3
|
5
|
4
|
6
|
5
|
M4
|
2
|
3
|
4
|
5
|
Solution:
The same as each row &
column’s minimum value is zero.
Row Reduced Matrix:
J1
|
J2
|
J3
|
J4
|
|
M1
|
3
|
2
|
1
|
(0)
|
M2
|
(0)
|
3
|
2
|
2
|
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5. a. Explain Monte Carlo
Simulation.
Explanation of Monte Carlo Simulation method: The Monte-Carlo
method is a
simulation technique in
which statistical distribution
functions are created by using a series of random numbers. This approach has
the ability to
develop many months
or years of
data in a matter of few minutes on a digital
computer.
The method
is generally used
to solve the
problems that cannot
be adequately represented by
mathematical models or
where solution of the
model is not possible by analytical method.
Step 1: Define the
problem:
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5. b. A Company produces 150 cars. But the production rate varies with
the distribution.
At present the track will hold 150
cars. Using the following random numbers determine the average number of cars
waiting for shipment in the company
and average number of empty space in the truck. Random Numbers 82, 54, 50, 96, 85, 34, 30, 02, 64, 47.
Solution:
Below Table depicts the production
rate and probability.
Production Rate and Probability
Production
rate |
Probability
|
Cumulative
Probability |
Random
No.
Assigned |
147
|
0.05
|
0.05
|
00 –
04
|
148
|
0.1
|
0.15
|
05 -
14
|
149
|
0.15
|
0.3
|
15 -
29
|
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6 a. Explain the dominance
principle in game theory.
Dominance principle in game
theory
In a
rectangular game, the
pay-off matrix of
player A is
pay-off in one specific
row (row rth ) exceeding the corresponding
pay-off in another specific row ( row sth) . This
means that whatever course
of action is adopted by player B, for A, the course of
action Ar yields greater gains than the
course of action As. Therefore, Ar is a
better strategy than As irrespective of B’s
strategy. Hence, you can say that Ar dominates As .
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PROGRAM - MBA -
SEMESTER II
SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB 0049 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT
1. Write short notes on :
i) Commercial and economic feasibility
ii) Technical feasibility
i)
Commercial
and economic feasibility
The economic
feasibility aspect of a project relates to the earning capacity of the project.
Earnings of the project depend on the volume of sales. Here, the following
important indicators are taken into consideration:
·
Present demand of the goods produced through the
project i.e. market facility (or) getting a feel of the market.
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2. Define Project type
organization and discuss in detail
Project-type organization :
Project Type is one of
the root characteristics of a project, which points its nature. Usually project
type is a high-level definition of a project that helps to identify
methodologies to be suitable, objects and resources to be involved into the
project, and nature of products to be generated by this project. When an
organization operates a conception of project type, this may indicate that this
organization possesses
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3. What is project performance evaluation? Explain the various types of
project performance evaluation techniques.
Define project performance evaluation
Performance evaluation
is an important
tool for the assessment of
a system or
service according to the
measurements specified. We
can define it as the systematic process
of assessment of
effectiveness against predetermined norms, standards, or expressed
goals. In management
evaluation of any
service, process or activity
typically refers to
"determining its
worth".
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4. Discuss the major contents of the project’s final report
The purpose of the project final report is as follows:
The final
Project Report (PR)
should be written
by the project
manager himself. The PR
should present project
evolution, its success,
its management, any outstanding and team recommendation.
Frigenti et al quotes
Meredith and Mantel on the intents of the project final report as, “The final
report is not another evaluation, rather it is the history of the project.
It is the
chronicle of the
life and
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5. Explain the various types of risk that can affect a business project.
Briefly discuss the various Macro and Micro risks by defining the risks and
using suitable examples
Macro risk levels
A chance
of a loss
or injury is
called risk. It has two
components the systematic risk
and unsystematic risk.
Risks that are
caused by factors external to the particular
organisation and cannot
be controlled by the
company are termed as systematic risks. Such a risk affects the market as
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6. What are the common features of project management software.
The common features of project management software are as follows:
• Data entry
features
·
Project
data and calendar:
A project start
date is specified. A
calendar can be
used to define
the working days
and hours for each
individual resource on
a project. The
calendar is used
in calculating the schedule
for the project.
Most systems provide
a
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