PROGRAM
MBA - SEMESTER IV
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - OM0015 – MAINTENANCE
MANAGEMENT
1. Explain Overall Purpose of a
Maintenance Program
Purpose of a Maintenance Program
An organisation comprises
a group of people who come together to serve the needs of customers by offering them quality products. To produce high quality
products, the organisation
needs different types
of machines and equipment. Thus,
machines and equipment
form an essential
part of an organisation’s functioning.
If machines and equipment are not
under good condition, it would create
hindrances in the production process. This, in turn, would
affect the other
department of an
organisation, such as
sales, marketing, and
customer support, by
making unnecessary delays
in delivery. Therefore,
to keep these
machines and equipment
functional, maintenance is
required.
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2. Explain different types of
maintenance tasks.
Types of maintenance tasks
The type
and range of
maintenance tasks that
are gaining wide acceptance are as below:
·
Level 1: Design-out and design-in maintenance
·
Level 2: Servicing task
·
Level 3: On-condition based maintenance
·
Level 4: Scheduled maintenance
·
Level 5: On (operate to) failure
Level 1:
Design-out and design-in
maintenance: In design-out maintenance, the main cause of
failure is determined and rectified so that
it can be
prevented in the
future. Design-out
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3. Explain following Aspects to be
Considered for Machine Quality
•
Conformance to
machine specifications
•
Frequency of machine failures
Answer: -
v Conformance to
machine specifications
Machine
specifications are the detailed and precise
description of what is expected
from a machine
or equipment. These
specifications include the details of
design, dimensions, operations,
performance, material used, description of
installation along with
the brand and
model number of a machine or equipment. Machine specifications should be precise, accurate, and
objectively stated. This
is because any
inaccuracy in machine specifications may lead to ineffective
maintenance resulting into huge cost and
various accidents. Properly
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4. What do
you mean by
Condition Monitoring? Elaborate
various Steps Involved
in Condition Monitoring Program
Condition Monitoring
To sustain
in today’s highly
competitive business environment,
every organisation has to produce goods as per customer
requirements. For this, it is important
for organisations to ensure a smooth production process. To keep
the production process
uninterrupted, organisations
must check that machines and
equipment are available as and when required for production. If machines are
not available on time, organisations may
have to face long downtime due
to abrupt failures,
which may lead
to increased production costs and
delays in product
delivery. In order
to keep the
machines available, it is
essential to
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5. Write short notes on the
followinga.
a. Zero based budgeting
b. Remote maintenance audit
c. Codification of spare parts
d. Maintenance Benchmarking
a. Zero based budgeting
Zero based
budgeting: It is a method
of budgeting in
which all expenditures are
justified each time a budget is prepared
for a new period. Zero based budgeting
begins with a ‘zero
base.’ Each function within
the organisation is evaluated in terms of cost and requirements for the
coming fiscal year. Budgets
are later prepared
on the basis
of the evaluation regardless of
whether the budget
is higher or
lower than the
previous period. In simple
terms, the zero
based budgeting approach
does not depend on historical
data and justifies all expenditures on the basis of the requirement and
availability of resources.
Let us understand
this with the help
of an example.
Assume that the
marketing department of
Company XYZ spent ` 80,00,000 on its operations the last year. For the
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6. Describe various types of
preventive maintenance.
Types of Preventive Maintenance
Preventive maintenance aims to
retain machines and equipment
under good working conditions and avoid
failures through early detection. It
differs across organisations
depending on their plant size and other requirements. However, preventive
maintenance is broadly classified into
four types, which are shown in below figure:
Let us discuss different
types of preventive maintenance in detail.
Time-based
preventive maintenance: In
this type of
preventive maintenance,
maintenance work is performed at regular time intervals (for example,
weekly, monthly, quarterly,
and annually, etc.).
Time-based maintenance schedules
are prepared on the basis
of time
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PROGRAM
MBA - SEMESTER
IV
SUBJECT CODE & NAME OM 0016 – QUALITY MANAGEMENT
1. Explain various Principles of
Total Quality Management
Principles of Total Quality Management
TQM focuses on uniform
commitment to quality in all business areas of an organisation with the purpose of establishing
an organisational culture that meets
customer expectations of quality. The concept of TQM depends
on the principles shown in below figure:
Fig: Principles of TQM
Top
management involvement: The
successful implementation of TQM can
be ensured with
the support and
active involvement of the top
management of an
organisation. The top
management
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2. Elaborate the concept of
International Standards. Also explain the following terms
a. ISO 9001:2008
b. ISO 9004:2009
c. ISO 90003:2004: Software
Quality Management
d. ISO 13485:2003: Medical Devices
Quality Management
International Standards
The ISO is related to quality
management systems and
responsible for the development of
international standards, which
are based on the
requirements of customers. The
ISO develops these standards keeping in mind the requirements of the industry.
The main
reason behind establishing
the ISO standards
is to ensure
the safety and reliability of
products and services. This consequently raises the levels of productivity and reduces the chances of errors. By
standardising, the ISO
also aims at
opening new avenues
for international trade
for developing nations and helps
them in gaining access to new
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3. Explain the
concept of culture.
Differentiate between authoritarian
culture and participative culture.
Concept of Culture
“Culture is the deeper level
of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organisation that operate unconsciously and define in a basic
‘taken for granted’
fashion an organisation's view
of its self
and its environment.” -- Edgar Schein
A culture
can be defined as a set of beliefs, values, and superstitions shared in
a given society.
According to Terpstra
& David, “Culture
is a learned, shared, compelling, interrelated set of
symbols whose meanings provide a set of orientations for members of
society. These
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4. Explain the steps of continuous
quality improvement.
Steps in CQI
CQI is a systematic approach
and involves a number of steps, as shown
in below figure:
The steps in CQI are explained with examples as
follows:
1.
Identifying the core
outputs, which are
mandatory for customer satisfaction.
For example, the core outputs of a restaurant can be
the taste and the
quality of the
food and beverages
served in the restaurant.
2.
Investigating how input variables affect core outputs.
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5. Define different aspects of the
design and development of a product.
Different
Aspects of the Design and Development of a Product
Let us study all these
aspects in detail in the subsequent sections.
1. Architecture and modularity of the product
The physical layout of a
product is known as its architecture. It is usually divided into various clusters of components.
The architecture of a product is composed by
defining the relationships
between various functions
of the variety of components.
There are two approaches to
define the architecture of a product. These are as follows:
Modular approach: In this
approach, the functions
of each chunk
are limited, and interactions
between all the divisions are clearly defined.
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6. Write Short notes on following.
a. Knowledge Management
b. Expertise location
c. Communities of Practice (CoPs)
d. Knowledge management strategy
e. Knowledge culture
a. Knowledge Management
Knowledge Management
(KM) is a process of identifying, representing, and adapting
perceptions and experiences
from various dimensions.
The following are some of the popular definitions of KM: According to
Karl Erik Sveiby,
“Knowledge management is
the art of creating
value by leveraging the intangible assets.”
In the
words of The Gartner Group, “Knowledge
management is a discipline that promotes
an integrated approach to identifying,
managing, and sharing all of
an enterprise’s information
assets. These information
assets may include
database, documents, policies,
and procedures as
well as previously
unarticulated expertise and
experience resident in
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PROGRAM
MBA - SEMESTER
IV
SUBJECT CODE & NAME OM 0017 – ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND PLANNING
CONTROL
1. Explain Various Functions of
Production Planning and Control.
Main Functions of Production Planning and Control (PPC)
The main activities encompassing
Production Planning and Control (PPC) are as follows:
(i) Order preparation:
The work of PPC begins once an order is received from the sales department.
This order is then converted into a ‘work order’ or ‘shop order’ and sent to
various departments concerned, action planning.
(ii) Materials planning:On
receiving the order PPC decides the raw materials required for manufacturing,
considering the capacity of various production shops, the bill of materials,
inventory on hand, and lead time for procurement.
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2. Explain the
concept of Master
Schedule. Also define
the Characteristics of
the master schedule.
Concept of Master Schedule
Master schedule
is the presentation
of the production
schedule at the summary level, depicting various key
elements, resulting from the process of master scheduling. In simple words, it can also be said that the
master schedule is a
plan or format
that integrates and
relates other production processes such as demand
management, inventory planning and capacity planning. It
is presented in
the form of
master schedule grid .
Master schedule is created during the process of master
scheduling, where it is
reviewed so that
the adjustments and
changes can be
made to the master production schedule if required.
Let us now dwell on various features of a master schedule:
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3. Define the various steps of VA.
Steps in Value analysis
VA is
used to study
the value of
the substitute in
terms of its functionality
or the performance and is divided into five steps as follows:
·
Step 1: Information stage
·
Step 2: Functional analysis
·
Step 3: Brain storming
·
Step 4: Evaluation
·
Step 5: Implementation
The VA
should be done
as team work,
because a lot of creativity
and interdisciplinary thinking is
required in it. Let us now discuss each
step in detail:
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4. Write Short notes on
a. Hybrid 1: MRP with lean
principles
b. Hybrid 2: Kanban with MRP
planning
c. Hybrid 3: MRP for capacity and
long lead time
d. Hybrid 4: Pull system with
spike control
a. Hybrid 1: MRP with lean principles
When the demand pattern is
very stable and has a radical design change of product, most of the planning and execution
can be achieved by using MRP. However, to
provide better stability
to the system,
some of the
lean principles are also used to
integrate with MRP. One of the disadvantages of MRP is that it
needs timely and accurate
information data, and information
in a
highly volatile environment,
such as a
recession, inflation, political turmoil,
etc., is difficult
to implement. In
these situations, market
demand changes rapidly making
MRP neither cost effective nor easy to
implement.
MRP is a top-down methodology, meaning that it depends on forecasts for materials planning. However, lean production works towards
the top,
where actual customer
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5. Differentiate between Mass
Production and Batch Production.
Mass Production
A term sometimes used
in the popular press for a line process that uses the make-to-stock strategy.
Mass production is the process of producing similar types of goods in large
numbers. It often uses assembly line technology for
production. Mass production
is a low-cost,
time-saving process and
produces standardised
products. In addition,
mass production allows
a manufacturer to produce
a larger quantity
using lesser workforce,
so that the goods can be bought
at lower costs. Mass production
takes advantage of both highly-skilled and
un-skilled labour. Highly-skilled labour
usually design a product
along with setting
up a system
for its production,
while unskilled labour
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6. Elaborate various Elements of
cost.
Concept of Cost
According to ICAI, India,
“Cost is the measurement in monetary terms of the amount
of resources used
for the purpose
of production of
goods or rendering services”. Cost is a function of output,and hence, whenever there is
a change in the output,
the cost also
tends to change.
There can be different
types of costs such as prime, direct, indirect, fixed, period, product, controllable, opportunity, sunk, out-of-pocket
and conversion.
In earlier times, business persons used to consider factory cost, office cost, and cost of sales, to determine the cost of product, but now,
the total cost also includes
cost of goods
sold
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PROGRAM – MBA - SEMESTER - IV
SUBJECT CODE & NAME – OM0018 – TECHNOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
1. Describe the concept of
technology management. Explain the various stages of strategic technology
management system (STMS).
Technology Management
Technology management
can be defined
as a process
of planning, organising, selecting, and controlling
technological resources to maintain or increase the
capability and efficiency
of an organisation.
According to the Association of Technology Management and
Applied Engineering, technology
management is, “the field
concerned with the
supervision of personnel
across the technical
spectrum and a
wide variety of
complex technological systems.” Therefore,
we can see that technology
management is one of the
most important factors
for the success
of an organisation.
Technological innovations have
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2. Define technological
innovation. Explain the different types of innovation on the basis of
flexibility and in terms of offerings.
Technological Innovation
“Innovation is the change
that creates a new dimension of performance” – Peter Drucker.
According to the Department
of Trade and Industry, UK, innovation refers to
“the successful exploitation
of new ideas”.
In simple words,
innovation refers to
the invention and
successful commercial exploitation
of their invention.
Technological innovation
is one of the ways
of gaining competitive advantage
and survival in
the cutthroat corporate
world. There are numerous
cases in which a particular organisation gained a significant edge over other
organisations with the
help of
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3. Briefly explain the guiding
principles of technology management.
Guiding Principles of Technology Management
Principles act as a
guiding force in the
management of any operation. For instance, to
execute the marketing
activities of an
organisation, certain principles
should be followed. These principles are
value creation, fulfillment of
consumer needs, etc.
Similarly, a new
technology paradigm requires definite
guiding principles. Betz
et al. provide
the following eight
guiding principles of managing
technology, as below:-
Value Creation: It
should be the
main intention of
the new technology paradigm
of an organisation.
Value creation creates
demand for the products and
services, which in
turn increases the
profitability of an organisation. For example, various new operating systems of
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4. With a neat diagram, explain
the various stages of technology life cycle.
Market Growth and Technology Life Cycle
Income is
generated only when a technology
reaches the market.
A technology that
is still under
development cannot produce any
income. A technology
needs to penetrate the
market to earn the
maximum gain. As a technology
matures, and its
adoption rate increases,
the market return of the
technology also increases.
The market growth
pattern is different
in different stages of the
technology life cycle. Below figure shows
market growth patterns in different
stages of technology progress:
In the above
figure, x–axis represents
time, and y-axis
represents the market volume expected. Now, let us briefly discuss
the six stages.
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5. a. Define
strategy. Explain the different approaches to strategic decision making.
b. Describe the different issues in strategic decision making.
Answer: - 5 (a) Defining Strategy
Igor Ansoff, known as
the father of strategic management,
established the concept of strategy
in the 1960s.
A strategy can be
defined as a plan of action
to achieve a
set of pre-determined and
specific goals. The
word ‘strategy’ originated
from the Greek
word ‘strategia’ , meaning
a military general. There is no definite meaning given to
‘strategy’, as various authors have
defined strategy in different ways.
According to
Henry Mintzberg, “People
use ‘strategy’ in
several different ways, such as:
·
Strategy is a plan, a “how,” a means of getting from
here to there.
·
Strategy is a pattern in actions over time; for
example, a company that regularly
markets very expensive products is using a “high end” strategy.
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6. a. Explain the impact of
technological change on organisational productivity
b. Explain the impact of technological change on education and knowledge
acquisition
Answer: - 6 (a) : - Impact of Technological Change on Organisational
Productivity
Productivity refers
to the amount
of output at
a given amount
of input. Technological change
is part of
the fundamental factors
that can permanently improve organisational
productivity. It is a commonly accepted fact
that better tools
and techniques yield
more output at
lower input. In addition, output
increases when manual
processes are replaced
by machines. Therefore,
as you can
see, improvement in
technology helps organisations in
a number of ways. Let us
consider an example.
When the State Bank
of India was finding
it difficult to compete with
private banks, it brought revolutionary technological changes
in
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