PROGRAM - MBA -
SEMESTER III
SUBJECT CODE & NAME OM0010 & OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
1. Explain any FIVE techniques of
operations research.
Some of
the most commonly
used techniques of Operations Research are as below:
·
Linear Programming
·
Inventory Control Techniques
·
Goal Programming
·
Queuing theory
·
Game Theory
·
Simulation
·
Dynamic Programming
·
Non-linear Programming
·
Network theory
·
Replacement Theory
·
Integer Programming
1. Linear programming: It
is the most
effective technique for
making organisational decisions. It is used to determine an optimum
combination of resources to achieve pre-defined objectives. It helps determine
the way by which the best outcome can be achieved, such as maximisation of
profit and minimisation of cost.
The linear programming
technique can be
used to make decisions
related to product
mix, transportation scheduling,
plant location, assignment of
personnel and machines,
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2. Write short notes on:
(I) Elements of operations
management
(II) Types of operations
strategy
(III) Consumer Pricing Expectations Range (CPER)
(IV) SERVQUAL
(I) Elements of operations
management
You can manage your
business operations effectively, only when you are aware of its elements. These
are the key elements on which the success or failure of
operations management depends.
These key elements
are as follows:
Supply: The
main element of
operations management is
supply. Continuous supply of inputs is required to transform them into
output. For example, operations of
customer
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(II) Types of operations
strategy
Some of the
important operations strategies are discussed as follows:
Customer-driven
strategies: These strategies are driven by the response of the customer, such as customer’s feedback,
customer’s demand for new and innovative methods, customisation of the product
etc. Examples include Fast Moving Consumer
Goods (FMCG) products,
which are necessarily required to be
produced and be
available in large
quantities and in
large
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(III) Consumer Pricing Expectations Range
(CPER)
Consumer Pricing
Expectations Range (CPER)
is a term,
which is commonly used in demand
forecasting. This term
has two aspects, namely, consumer
aspect and producer aspect. From the consumer’s aspect, CPER implies that
the consumer has
an expectations range
in case of
pricing. Consumer forms opinion
based on the
price of the
product. The expectations
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(IV) SERVQUAL
SERVQUAL conceptualises
service quality that measures quality of service as perceived
by customers. SERVQUAL
is a complex
schema, but it remains a prominent model to evaluate
service quality, especially when the
service is used in a modified form. A. Parasuraman, Professor of Marketing,
conducted exploratory investigation in retail banking, credit card, securities
brokerage and product
repair and maintenance
to develop the SERVQUAL scale.
Customers evaluate
service quality by
comparing expectations and perceptions of
the service based
on quality dimensions.
A. Parasuraman divided SERVQUAL into
five dimensions: tangibles,
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3. Discuss the importance of
service processes. What are steps in engineering service processes?
Importance of Service Processes
For managing
service operations, organisations
use technology and different
processes coupled with
specialised individuals to
meet customer requirements in
a short duration.
Let us now
discuss the importance
of service processes:
• Service processes provide an
organisation with a clear roadmap of roles and responsibilities for each
and every individual.
• Service
processes enable employees to learn quickly and get on to the process of doing the
job because everything
is documented and
wellmaintained. This approach
reduces learning time
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4. Write short notes on:
(I) Least Cost Method (LCM)
(II) Objectives of inventory
management
(III) Limitations of
replacement models
(IV) Factors influencing
decision making
(I)
Least Cost Method (LCM)
Least Cost
Method (LCM): This is one of the most efficient methods as
it determines the optimal solution quickly and requires less calculation. This
is used to calculate the basic feasible solution of a transportation
problem by considering the lowest cost in the matrix. The steps that are required to be
adopted
while finding a solution using LCM are as follows:
1. Identify
the lowest cost
cell in the
entire transportation matrix
and allocate units as much as possible to this cell.
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(II)
Objectives of inventory management
The prime
objective of inventory management
is to ensure
the smooth flow
of production in an
organisation. This can be accomplished by maintaining
a sufficient amount of raw materials and finished goods.
If an adequate amount of raw materials is
available, the organisation
can expand its
production. In addition,
if an adequate
amount of finished goods is available,
the organisation can
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(III)
Limitations of replacement models
There are
wide applications of replacement models in business. However, these models suffer from certain
limitations, which are as follows:
• A replacement model is based on the
probabilistic model meaning that everything is left to chance. For example,
when dealing with parts that breakdown suddenly, we invariably use the probability
that may or may not happen at
all.
• Replacement models do
not take into
account human factors.
For example, there are items
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(IV)
Factors influencing decision making
The objective
of decision making:
It is the
basic and the
most crucial factor in
decision making. If the objective
is not well defined or is not well set, then the entire exercise of decision
making is a waste.
The data and facts
required for making the decision: The data and facts that are
required in the
decision making process,
play a great
role.
Organisations
that are process based and rely on data and facts are sure to make great
decisions if the
data is accurate.
However, if the
data is incorrect or inaccurate, then there
will definitely be
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5. What is meant by multiple goal
programming? Give the steps for solving a goal programming problem using the
graphical method of goal programming.
Describe of multiple goal programming
When it
comes to the concept of multiple goal programming, the organisation
simultaneously wants to pursue multiple goals. The goal set by a decision-maker
may be one sided or two sided. In case of lower limit onesided
goal, a lower
limit is set, which the
decision maker tries
not to fall under. Similarly, in case of upper limit
one-sided goal, the decision maker sets an upper limit, which he/she does not intend to exceed. In
case of a two-sided goal, the
decision maker does
not want to
miss
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6. Write short notes on:
(I) Convex nature of the
objective function
(II) Applications of queuing
model
(III) Various performance
measures of sequencing
(IV) Applications of Markov
analysis
(I)
Convex nature of the objective function
Convex nature of the objective function: A convex optimisation problem refers to
a mathematical programming
problem where all
the constraints that define
the problem are
convex functions. This
implies that all
the constraints are of
≤ type and the objective
function is required
to be
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(II)
Applications of queuing model
Customers are the primary source of revenue for an organisation. They
are satisfied if the organisation provides products or services at minimum cost
and within the stipulated time. If an
organisation makes unwanted delays in delivering
services, customers may become highly dissatisfied and switch to other brands.
Therefore, the waiting
time of customers
and the cost
of providing services should be
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(III)
Various performance measures of sequencing
The various
performance measures of sequencing are as follows:
Job flow
time: It is the time a job spends in the
manufacturing or service system.
Makespan: It is the total time taken to complete the
jobs. The formula for calculating makespan
= time of completion of last
job -
starting time of the first job.
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(IV)
Applications of Markov analysis
Markov analysis has a
number of applications in the business world. Some of the most important
applications of Markov analysis are as follows:
Marketing department:
Markov analysis helps
a marketing manager
to predict and analyse
the behaviour of
customers in terms
of brand loyalty and
brand switching. It
also helps in
predicting the market
share of the organisation.
Human resource
department: Markov analysis
helps a human
resource manager to estimate the rate of recruitment and the policies of
promotion. It predicts the manpower requirements of the
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PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT
CODE & NAME - OM0011-
ENTERPRISES RESOURCE PLANNING
1. Explain the
relationship between business
functions and business
processes in the insurance sector.
A business
function refers to
an activity that
an enterprise performs
to realise its pre-determined goals
and objectives. You
can also define
a business function as
a series of
rationally interrelated activities
or tasks performed by an
enterprise in order to obtain the
desired results. Generally, an
enterprise classifies similar
activities into groups
to simplify work, increase efficiency,
and allocate resources
effectively. For example, activities, such
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2. Explain ERP selection process
ERP system
is essential for
the growth of
an organisation. For
this, an organisation follows a
step-by-step approach so that it can select a
system that is as per its
requirements. Since every
organisation has different requirements, the
process of selecting
an ERP system
varies across different organisations. However,
there are some
common steps that
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3. Earlier payroll systems used
the systems which were more than process time sheets, print payroll checks and
keep total so f annual wages and deductions. Present day systems used
computer-based system that optimises the collection, collation, transfer and
presentation of information throughout an organisation. Explain the various
Roles of MIS. Explain decision support system and its advantages and
disadvantages.
The following are the main roles of MIS:
·
Collects
data from various
sources such as financial
reports, sales records,
newspapers, magazines, etc.
·
Processes, analyses, and summarises the collected
data
·
Transforms the collected data into useful
and meaningful information
·
Disseminates information to the intended
users
·
Stores
information at a
centralised location, so
that it can
be easily Retrieved
Defining decision Support system
DSS is an
interactive information system that provides substantial support to
managers while taking
critical business decisions.
It is a computerised
information system that is
capable of performing logical data
analysis and testing hypothesis. Some of
the popular definitions of DSS
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4. Evaluate the role of vendor
evaluation sub-module of the materials management module
The role of vendor evaluation sub-module of the materials management
module :
The materials
management module of
an ERP system
helps an organisation in
handling, storing, and transporting materials. It also allows an organisation
to make judicious
purchasing, reduce wastage,
utilise materials efficiently, thereby minimising materials cost. Apart
from this, the other functions of
the materials management
module include automated vendor evaluation,
automated inventory management,
and integrated invoice
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5. Write short notes on
a. Sub-modules of CRM
b. Features of human resource
management module
a. Sub-modules of CRM
CRM system
provides information related to
customers to an
organisation in order
to make various
business decisions. To do so, the CRM system works in association
with its
different sub-modules.
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b. Features of human resource
management module
Some of the important
features of the human resource management module of an ERP system are as follows:
·
It is able to define the job roles and
responsibilities of employees.
·
It
helps in recruiting
the right employees with
the right skills
and competencies.
It simplifies
the activities involved
in the employee
selection and placement
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6. a. Explain some of the
technologies provided by PeopleSoft Inc.
b. Explain the different modules
under MFG/PRO application
a. Explain some of the
technologies provided by PeopleSoft Inc.
PeopleSoft Inc. uses new and
advanced technologies in its products. Some of these technologies are:
PeopleSoft
Self-Service Applications:
These Java-based, cross-platform applications help
employees, customers, suppliers,
and other occasional users of an organisation to
perform self-service administrative tasks easily and effectively.
These applications work
in coordination with
PeopleSoft’s core product lines,
such as human
resource management
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b. Explain the different modules
under MFG/PRO application
MFG/PRO application
MFG/PRO software
is considered as one of
the successful client/server ERP applications.
The application helps
an organisation to
improve its operational efficiency.
It is comprehensive, open,
flexible, scalable, and interactive software
that is developed
to serve the
manufacturing requirements of an organisation.
MFG/PRO includes a
set of applications that
supports the manufacturing, distribution, financial
management, supply chain
management, and service/support
management
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PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME OM0012 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
1. How is supply chain
performance improved by expanding the scope of strategic fit?
Five scopes of strategic fit across a supply chain with suitable
examples
1. Intracompany - intraoperation
scope: The minimise local cost view
The intracompany -
intraoperation scope is a scope of strategic fit which is limited to one operation
in a functional
area within a
company. An independent strategy
is created by
each operation within
each stage of supply chain. This results in a collection
of strategies which will not increase
the supply chain
profit. This is
because different functions and
operations will have conflicting objectives. During 1950s and 1960s, this limited scope
was in high practice.
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2. Write short notes on
(I) Network optimization model
(II) Interactive approach of
routing and scheduling in transportation
(III) Strategic purchasing
(IV) Push-pull supply chain
(I) Network optimization model
Network
optimisation model
The manager must
consider the regional tariffs, demand for the product and the total cost while
developing the network optimisation model for network design structure.
For example,
consider ABC to be a
manufacturer of automobiles
with worldwide sales. The supply chain manager may consider different
factors to meet the demand. One approach is to set up a facility in each
region. This approach has an
advantage of reducing
the
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(II) Interactive approach of
routing and scheduling in transportation
Interactive
approach
This
approach use tools like simulation, cost calculation, and graphics. The
decision making process here is interactive, in the sense that the decision
maker has a lot of options to consider. The decision maker has to identify the
different options, or alternatives, to evaluate the results. The interactive
decision support system
is designed to
calculate the performance
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(III) Strategic purchasing
Strategic –
Strategic purchasing occurs
when there are
unique and expensive items
that are very
important for a
company’s success. Few specialised suppliers
sell such items.
For example, certain
chemicals, cutting edge
technology, aero engines,
etc., are some of the
critical items that very few
specialised suppliers sell. With such small number of suppliers in the market,
the purchasing activity tends to develop long term relationship between a
company
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(IV) Push-pull supply chain
In a push-pull supply
chain strategy, all the processes at the initial stages of the supply
chain system are
operated in a push-based
process, and all the processes at
the final stages
are operated in
a pull-based process.
The interface between the push-based
and pull-based stages
is referred to as
the push-pull boundary.
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3. What is risk pooling? Why is it
important in supply chain management? List the four types of risk pooling.
Risk Pooling
Risk pooling enables
accurate demand forecasting. Let us
now discuss the concept of risk
pooling.
Risk pool
is a term
used in risk
management, mostly in
insurance companies. Under this system, insurance companies come
together to form a pool, which
can provide protection
to insurance companies
against catastrophic risks such as floods, earthquakes, etc.
Risk pooling
is an important concept even in supply chain management. Itinvolves the use
of centralised inventory to gain
benefits when demand is higher than average at some
retailers and lower
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4. Describe the framework of
Supply Chain Quality Management (SCQM) .
Framework of SCQM
The
framework allows researchers to determine the impact of SCQM on the competitive edge
and performance of the organisation.
The price, quality, delivery reliability,
product improvement and
time to market
help in identifying the
competitive advantage. And
the factors like
marketing, operational and financial
performance support the
evaluation of organisational
performance of the
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5. What are results of bullwhip
effect in supply chain management? Which are the ways of reducing the bullwhip
effect in supply chain?
Significant results of bullwhip effect in supply chain management
are:
·
Tremendous
inefficiencies in the supply chain
·
Excessive inventory
investment
·
Poor customer
service
·
Loss in revenue
·
Ineffective
transportation
·
Ineffective
production schedule
·
Misguided capacity
plans
The methods employed to
reduce or eliminate the bullwhip effects are:
·
Reducing
uncertainty
·
Reducing variability
·
Lead-time reduction
·
Strategic
partnership
Reducing uncertainty
– We can effectively
reduce the bullwhip effect by reducing
uncertainty. We can
do this by
centralising the demand information. Centralising the demand
information makes the demand of the customers as well as the
retailers visible to all partners of the supply chain. It is better to
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6. Write short notes on
(I) Distributor integration
(II) E-Informing
(III) Hedge risk mitigation
strategy for controllable risks
(IV) Framework for IT
integrated SCM
(I)
Distributor integration
Today, business
enterprises treat distributors
as their business
partners. New business
models are developed
wherein the organisations
integrate their business process
with an independent distributor.
Distributors provide vital market information and hence they are
considered as the important link in any
firm's supply channel. Distributors usually have information about
customer requirements and
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(II)
E-Informing
E-informing can
be used for
the easy job
of exchanging purchasing information between
buyers, suppliers and
end-users. Traditional contact methods are more complex processes.
Using the Internet technologies such as e-mail, the method of gathering a
database of supplier information can be made much simpler than by using
traditional contact methods.
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(III)
Hedge risk mitigation strategy for controllable risks
We can
classify the risk mitigation strategies for controllable risks as follows:
·
Speculative
strategy
·
Hedge strategy
·
Flexible strategy
Speculative
strategy
This strategy is adopted by companies based on speculative or simulated results obtained
from different scenarios.
The processes adopting
this strategy create stable plans with low volatility which does not
require highly responsive supply chain design. This strategy reduces cost of
logistics by
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(IV)
Framework for IT integrated SCM
The integration of IT
with SCM framework consists of six entities as shown in below figure:
Figure
: Framework of IT Integrated with SCM
The six entities depicted in below figure are:
• Knowledge and IT management – It
includes IT training and education, investment in
capital knowledge, e-training,
e-learning, multimedia,
cross-functional training, group wares.
• E-commerce –
It provides access
to alternative markets,
networking opportunities,
advancement in technology,
reduced costs, faster processes, open
communication, CRM, e-work,
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PROGRAM - MBA
SUBJECT CODE & NAME OM 0013 – ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
1. Write short notes on:
(I) World class manufacturing
concept
(II) Job analysis method of
improving productivity
(III) Siddal’s classification
of design approaches
(IV) Expert opinion poll
(I) World class manufacturing concept : Each and every organisation aims to achieve maximum profits. In case of manufacturing organisations, this
becomes even more
important because they manufacture
their products on
their own. All
manufacturing organisations
strive to satisfy their customers in terms of quality, delivery, and cost of
the product. Organisations deploy World
Class Manufacturing (WCM) techniques and methodologies to achieve the
objective of satisfying the needs of
their customers. The
concept of WCM
was developed after World
War II because
of Japanese
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(II) Job analysis method of
improving productivity : Job analysis: Job analysis is a systematic process of collecting,
evaluating and examining the duties and responsibilities required to perform a
job. It can be useful
in conducting various
HR activities, such
as selection and recruitment, training
and development and
performance appraisal.
Steps involved
in the job
analysis process are discussed as follows:
Organisational analysis: It focuses
on maintaining capable employees and preparing a list of current job positions
available in the organisation. Preparing
for and introducing
job analysis: It
includes three main activities, namely, recognising representative positions and the
rationale for selection, assessing
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(III) Siddal’s classification of
design approaches : Siddal played an important role
in reviewing and developing optimal design methods. Following are some of the
descriptions given by Siddal regarding optimisation methods:
Optimisation by
evolution: Biological
evolution and technological evolution are
closely related to
each other. Existing
designs are often optimised by organisations in order to
make further improvements in them.
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(IV) Expert opinion poll : Refers
to a method in which experts are requested to provide their
opinion about the
product. For example,
in an organisation, sales representatives act as
experts, who can assess the demand for
the
product in
different areas, regions,
or cities. Sales
representatives are in close
touch with consumers;
therefore, they are
well aware of the
consumers’ future purchase
plans, their reactions
to market change,
and their perceptions for
other competing products.
They provide an
approximate estimate
of the demand for the organisation’s products.
This method is quite
simple
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2. Differentiate between infinite
and finite loading. Explain sequencing. Mention the rules of sequencing.
Differences between finite and infinite loading
Finite loading: It refers to the type of loading in which
jobs are allocated among different work centres, based on
the capacity of each work centre and on the basis of the time required
to perform the jobs individually. Finite loading begins
with preparing a
list of jobs
to be processed
at the work centres and with the specified
capacities of each work centre. In this
way, it involves developing a comprehensive schedule for individual jobs
and work centres, considering their
individual capacities.
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3. Write short notes on:
(I) Alfred Weber’s theory on
industrial location
(II) Relationship between
design capacity , system capacity and actual output
(III) Aggregate planning process
(IV) Approaches to updating MRP
(I) Alfred Weber’s theory on
industrial location : Alfred
Weber, a German economist, attempted
to analyse the factors that influence industrial
location. Before Weber,
another German economist Launhardt gave the simple principle
of industrial location based on minimum transport cost. Weber followed
Launhardt's principle in his theory and
made it more rigorous and analytical. Ever since then,
his theory is being used in practice.
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(II) Relationship between
design capacity , system capacity and actual output : The capacity of a production unit can be
expressed in terms of the input or the
output. Therefore, we can say that there is a relationship between
capacity and output or input. Below table represents this relationship:
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(III) Aggregate planning process : Aggregate planning is
a systematic approach
to develop an
aggregate production plan of an organisation. It involves a number of
steps which are as follows:
Forecasting demand:
It entails estimating
of the total
number of units required. Demand
forecasting is a
systematic process that
involves anticipating the demand for an organisation’s products or
services in future.
It enables
an organisation to
take various business
decisions such as planning
the production process,
purchasing raw materials,
managing funds, and determining the price of the product.
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(IV) Approaches to updating MRP : After determining the number
of units produced at a time, an
organization needs to update
MRP data and files. There
are two types
of approaches used to update MRP
data and file.
The approaches to MRP updating
are discussed as follows:
Regenerative MRP:
It refers to
an MRP approach
in which new requirements and
predetermined orders are
re-established. In this approach, MRP records are regenerated on
a weekly basis.
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4. What is purchasing? Briefly
explain the purchasing procedure.
Purchasing
In simple
terms, purchasing refers
to an act
of procuring a
product at a specific price. However, this narrow
definition of purchasing has widened in the last 70 years. In a broader sense,
purchasing is a managerial activity that
aims at getting
the different departments of an
organisation the right materials at the right time in the
right quantity from the right source as and when required.
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5. Inventory Management at ABC organization
ABC is
an organization that
procures a product
PQ from another
organisation. ABC requires 11,000
units of PQ every year. The cost of the product is Rs.5
per unit and its ordering cost is estimated to be Rs.100 per order. The
cost of carrying inventory is 25%. The
consumption rate of PQ in
the organization is
uniform. Therefore, ABC
needs to spend a huge amount on
the procurement of product PQ. The CEO of
ABC called the production
manager of the
organization to discuss
whether
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6. Write short notes:
(I) Plan-Do-Check-Action(PDCA)
cycle
(II) Quality circles
(III) Objectives of JIT
(IV) Maintenance management
system
(I)
Plan-Do-Check-Action(PDCA) cycle : Plan–Do–Check–Action (PDCA)
cycle: The PDCA
cycle refers to the
activities that a company needs to
perform in order to inculcate continuous
improvement in its operations. The PDCA cycle includes the following:
• Plan:
The managers must evaluate the current process and make plans based on
the problems they
find in the
processes. It is
essential to document all
current procedures, collect
data, and identify
problems. This data should
be analysed and
used to develop
a plan for improvement, as
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(II)
Quality circles
The basic
concept of Quality
Circle (QC) first
originated in Japan
in the 1960s. It
was based on
the participatory style
of management, with
an assumption that productivity will improve through the uplift of the
morale of the employees and make them
self-dependent in their area of
work. QC is
typically an
informal group of
workers that consists
of operators, supervisors, and
managers who come together to invent or
improve ways to create better products and services.
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(III)
Objectives of JIT
Broadly
speaking, JIT focuses on maintaining an
uninterrupted flow of the
production process. Apart
from this, following
are some of
the major objectives of JIT:
·
Producing quality
products as per the requirements of customers
·
Increasing machine
efficiency by eliminating extra load
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(IV)
Maintenance management system
Effective maintenance management helps in
increasing the production capacity of an organisation. However, this is not an
easy task to accomplish. Maintenance work requires continuous monitoring
of a production
plant. To do
so, an organisation needs accurate
information related to
the need for
maintenance, to take prompt
actions in case
of breakdown of
machines or in
case of
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