Program - MBA
Semester 1
Subject code & name MB0038 – Management Process and
Organizational Behavior
1. Explain the concept of
Management. Discuss the importance of Management.
Concept of Management
Management has been
happening right through the history of man and it is all about making things
smooth or shall we say efficient. It is also about achieving our goals which in
modern management literature we call ‘effectiveness’.
According to Harold Koontz, “Management is an art of
getting things done through and with people in formally organised groups. It is
an art of creating an environment in
which people can
perform as individuals
and can cooperate towards the
attainment of group goals”. According to
F.W. Taylor, “Management is an art of knowing what to do, when to
do, and see that it is done in the best
and cheapest way”.
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2. Discuss the steps involved in
the Planning process.
Steps involved in the Planning process
Fig. : Steps in Planning
• Being aware
of opportunities – This means
being aware of the
customer needs, market,
competition, our strengths,
and weaknesses. For example, Sambhavi being aware of the
customer need to have the outlets in other districts. This is usually
done through market research,
competitor analysis, and
analysis of own
strengths and weaknesses through a formal process called
SWOT analysis (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity, and Threat).
• Establishing objectives – This
implies establishing what we want to be and what
we want to
accomplish and when
and in relation
to which market segment.
At the highest
level, this is
done through vision
and mission building. This
process takes place
at business level,
project level, etc also.
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3. What do you mean by Control?
Explain the pre-requisites of an effective Control system
Meaning of Control
Controlling can be
defined as measuring and correcting of performance to achieve the
organisational goals. According
to Brech, “Controlling
is a systematic exercise
which is called
as a process
of checking actual performance against the standards or
plans with a view to ensure adequate progress and also recording such
experience as is gained as a
contribution to possible future
needs.” According to
Donnell, “Just as
a navigator continually takes
reading to ensure
whether he is
relative to a
planned action, so should
a business manager
continually take reading
to assure himself that his
enterprise is on right course.”
It is often considered
as a part of planning. Though planning and controlling can be
considered as two sides
of a coin,
it is possible
for us to
make a clear distinction
between them because
control has to
be done against some parameter, which
is laid down by planning. The
following is the inter relation
between them.
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4. Discuss the concept of a Group.
Explain the purpose of a Group. Discuss the types of Formal Groups
Concept of Group
A
group is based on the concept of synergy to attain the goal. By synergy we mean
that the sum
total of the
output by the
individual members are collectively surpassed by the group and
this happens because of its ability to create better input (ideas) and work
practices that cover the deficiencies of each other. Social facilitation theory
explains how performance tends to improve
or decline in
the presence of
others. In fact
the synergy is dependent
on social facilitation.
Social facilitation effect
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5. Discuss any ten characteristics
of an Effective team.
The following are the ten
characteristics from seventeen that make an effective team:
1. Clear
purpose refers to the condition
where group members agree on the group's goals.
These shared goals
act to spark
group effort by providing clear direction and buy in. (It
should be noted that such goals could have been unilaterally set by the leader
as it often happens in an organisation,
jointly set by
the leader and
group members, or
set by group members independent
of the boss).
2. Consensus
decision making occurs when groups allow all members to express
their opinions and
preferences openly and
discuss any disagreement that might
exist. Within the consensus decision-making process, all
members are allowed
to ‘have their
day in court’
while building a consensus as
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6. Write short notes on the
following:
a) Goleman’s Model of Emotional Intelligence
b) Fielder’s Contingency Model of
Leadership
a) Goleman’s Model of
Emotional Intelligence
"Emotional
intelligence is the capacity for recognising our own feelings and those of
others, for motivating
ourselves, for managing
emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships."
(Snow, 2001)
Goleman’s model of Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Daniel Goleman and the
Hay Group have identified a set of competencies that differentiate individuals
with EI. The competencies fall into four clusters:
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b) Fielder’s Contingency
Model of Leadership
Fielder’s Contingency Model (FCM)
of leadership
This
model dominates the modern literature on contingency theories. FCM
postulates that the
leader’s effectiveness is
based on ‘situational contingency’ which
is a result
of the interaction
of two factors,
i.e.,leadership style and situational favorableness. Though
over 400 studies have
been conducted using
this theory, it
is not a
highly popular model. Fielder suggested that the leadership
style of the leader can be measured by an instrument called least preferred coworker.
The term and its
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SEMESTER 1
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0039 –Business
Communication
1. As a speaker you are addressing
a group of people. What could be the possible barriers in this communication?
The possible barriers in
communication while addressing a group of people are as follows:
·
Physiological barriers
·
Physical barriers
·
Attitudinal barriers
·
Wrong assumptions
·
Cultural barriers
·
Gender barriers
·
Lack of training
·
Bad listening habits
Physiological barriers
Some
people may have
genuine hearing problems
or deficiencies that
prevent them from listening properly. Once detected, they can generally
be treated. Other people may
have difficulty in
processing information, or
memory related problems which
make them poor
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2. What is the importance of
Kinesics and Proxemics in communication? Explain with examples.
Kinesics with example
Kinesics is
the most often
studied and important
area of non-verbal communication and refers to body
movements of any kind. Different body movements can
express inner states
of emotion. The
different body movements are:
• Facial expressions –
Facial expressions can
convey feelings of surprise, happiness, anger and sadness. If
you meet a long lost friend and say “I
am very happy
to meet you
again”, but with
a sad facial expression, it conveys the exact
opposite meaning.
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3. What are the steps in making oral business presentation?
Steps for Creating Oral Presentation
1.
Definition of the purpose of the presentation
Before preparing for the
presentation, it is important to be clear on the goal of the presentation. A
’statement of purpose’, expressing what you want to achieve through the
presentation must be framed, so that it becomes easy to measure
whether the goal has been accomplished or not.
The purpose of the
presentation may be stated in broad or general terms or in more specific terms. A ‘general statement of purpose’ could be
expressed in terms of one of the following:
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4. Imagine a new product from
kids’ apparel industry. Write a persuasive letter to customers, persuading them
to buy your company’s product.
Below is the persuasive
letter of the product with services of HAPPY RESORTS.
KIDISTORE
Dehradun
Contact: xxx-xxx-xxxx
Email id: xyz@abccom
Date:xx-xx-xxx
To
Mr. Jerry Stone,
Janakpuri,
New Delhi.
Dear Mr. Stone,
Here is an Offer too Good to
Refuse! Before you roll your eyes thinking, 'Oh God! Not another one!', and
chuck this letter into a bin, just read a few of the lines below.
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5. You are going to face a job
interview for the post of Manager-operations. Which aspects you will keep in
mind while facing the interview?
Aspects to be kept in mind
during job interview are as follows:
·
Opening formalities –
Since it is
important to create
a good first impression, the way you greet and introduce
yourself is important. Using the name of the interviewer correctly, giving a
firm handshake, waiting till you are asked to be seated and sitting with an
erect posture are common courtesies that should be observed to project a good
image.
Non-verbal
communication – It was
emphasised that in
face-to-face communication, non-verbal
cues can enhance communication and convey a positive message. Apart from
a firm
handshake and erect
posture, your non-verbal
behaviour should
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6 Write short notes on:
a) Skimming
b) Notices
a) Skimming
Let us say
that you are a student of management and as suggested by your professor, you
need to buy
a reference text
book for writing
a paper on Investment
Management or Quality
Management. You go
to a book
store and see a rack full of books, with the same title, but different
authors. You do not have
time to read
the pages before
deciding on buying
the book. Therefore, you quickly
go through the contents, title page and the blurb. By
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b) Notices
Like memos, circulars and
notices are also written forms of communication within the organisation. The
basic difference between a circular and notice is that circulars are announcements that are
distributed to small or selective groups of people within the organisation, whereas notices are meant for a
larger group of people. Another way to
differentiate a circular and notice is that circular are circulated to
respective individuals, whereas notices are put up on notice boards.
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PROGRAM - MBA -
SEMESTER I
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0040
STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT
1. Distinguish between
Classification and Tabulation.
Explain the structure
and components of a Table with an example.
Meaning of Classification and Tabulation
Classification is a process of arranging things or data in groups
or classes according to their resemblances and affinities
Definition of classification
Classification is
the process of arranging data into
sequences and groups according to their common characteristics or separating
them into different but related parts – Secrist
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2. (a) Explain Arithmetic mean.
(a) Arithmetic mean
Arithmetic mean is
defined as the sum of all values divided by number of values and is represented
by
X. Arithmetic mean
is also called ‘average’. It is most
commonly used measures of central tendency. Arithmetic Mean of a series is the value obtained by adding
all the observations of a series and dividing this total by the number of
observations.
There are two types of
Arithmetic Mean:
a. Simple arithmetic Mean
b. Weighted arithmetic Mean
a. Simple arithmetic Mean
Arithmetic mean
is simply sometimes
referred as ‘Mean’.
For example: mean income, mean
expenses, mean marks, etc.
Unlike other averages,
mean has to be computed by considering each and every observation in the
series. Hence, the mean cannot be found by either inspection or observation of
items.
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2. (b) The mean wage is Rs. 75 per day, SD wage is Rs. 5 per day for a
group of 1000 workers and the
same is Rs.
60 and Rs.
4.5 for the
other group of
1500 workers. Find the mean and
standard deviation for the entire group.
(b) Solution
Combined Standard
deviation:
d1 =
-
= (75 – 66) = 9
= 81
d2 =
-
= (60 – 66) = -62
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3. Mr. Arun and Mr. Bhandari play a game. If Mr. Arun picks up an even
number from 1 to 6, Mr. Bhandari will pay him double the amount equal to picked
up number. If Mr. Arun picks up an odd number then he has to pay amount equal
to double the picked up number. What is Mr. Arun’s expectation?
Solution:
Let Xi be
the random variable and P(Xi) be its probability. The probabilities
are indicated in below table.
Table : Required Values for Calculating
Mean and Variance for the Data
|
No.
|
(Xi)
|
P(Xi)
|
Xi P(Xi)
|
|
1
|
-2
|
1/6
|
-2/6
|
|
2
|
4
|
1/6
|
4/6
|
|
3
|
-6
|
1/6
|
-1
|
|
4
|
8
|
1/6
|
8/6
|
|
5
|
-10
|
1/6
|
-10/6
|
|
6
|
12
|
1/6
|
12/6
|
|
Total
|
|
1
|
1
|
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4. The probability that an employee will get an
occupational disease is 20%. In a firm having five employees, what is the
probability that:
i) None of the employees get the disease
ii) Exactly two will get the disease
iii) More than four will contract the disease
Answer:-
Given that:
Therefore, by binomial
distribution,
i) The probability that none of the employees
get the disease is given by:
Therefore, the
probability that none of the employees get the disease is 0.3277.
ii) The probability that exactly two employees
will get the disease is given by:
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5. Microsoft estimated that out of 10,000 potential software buyers, 35%
wait to purchase the new OS Windows Vista, until an upgrade has been released.
After an advertising campaign to reassure the public was released, Microsoft
surveyed 3000 buyers and found 950 who are still skeptical. At 5% level of
significance, can the company conclude that the population of skeptical people
had decreased?
Answer:
The procedure is
explained in the following steps:
1. Null hypothesis Ho: p = .35
Alternate hypothesis H1:
p < 0.35
2. Level of significance
=
0.05 à Ztab = - 1.645 and R: z < -1.645
3. Test statistics
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6. Explain Chi-square test and the
conditions for applying chi-square test
Chi-Square test
The Chi-square test is
one of the most commonly used non-parametric tests in statistical
work. The Greek
Letter
is used to
denote this test.
describe
the magnitude of
discrepancy between the
observed and the expected frequencies. The value of
is calculated as:
Where, O1, O2,
O3….On are the observed frequencies and E1, E2,
E3…En are the corresponding expected or theoretical
frequencies.
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SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0041 -
FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
1. Analyze the following transaction under traditional approach.
18.1.2011 Received a cheque from a customer, Sanjay at 5 p.m. Rs.20,000
19.1.2011 Paid Ramu by cheque Rs.1,50,000
20.1.2011 Paid salary Rs. 30,000
20.1.2011 Paid rent by cheque Rs. 8,000
21.1.2011 Goods withdrawn for personal use Rs. 5,000
25.1.2011 Paid an advance to suppliers of goods Rs. 1,00,000
26.1.2011 Received an advance from customers Rs. 3,00,000
31.1.2011 Paid interest on loan Rs. 5,000
31.1.2011 Paid instalment of loan Rs. 25,000
31.1.2011 Interest allowed by bank Rs. 8,000
Analysis of transaction –with accounts involved-nature of account affects
and debit/credit
|
Sl.
|
Accounts
|
Nature
of
|
Affects
|
Debit/
|
|
No.
|
Involved
|
Account
|
Credit
|
|
|
1
|
Cash a/c
|
Real
|
Cash (cheque) is coming in
|
Debit
|
|
Shyam a/c
|
Personal
|
Shyam is the giver
|
Credit
|
|
|
2
|
Ramu’s a/c
|
Personal
|
Ramu is the receiver
|
Debit
|
|
Bank a/c
|
Personal
|
Bank is the giver
|
Credit
|
|
|
3
|
Salary a/c
|
Nominal
|
Salary is an expense
|
Debit
|
|
Cash a/c
|
Real
|
Cash is going out
|
Credit
|
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2. The trial balance of
Nilgiris Co Ltd., as taken on 31st
December, 2002 did not tally and the
difference was carried
to suspense account.
The following errors
were detected subsequently.
a) Sales book total for November
was under cast by Rs. 1200.
b) Purchase of new equipment
costing Rs. 9475 has been posted to Purchases a/c.
c) Discount received Rs.1250 and
discount allowed Rs. 850 in September
2002 have been posted to wrong sides of discount account.
d) A cheque received from Mr.
Longford for Rs. 1500 for goods sold to him on credit earlier,
though entered correctly in the cash book has been posted in his account as Rs.
1050.
e) Stocks worth Rs. 255 taken for use by Mr Dayananda, the
Managing Director, have been entered in sales day book.
f) While carrying forward, the
total in Returns Inwards Book has been taken as Rs. 674 instead of Rs. 647.
g) An amount paid to cashier, Mr.
Ramachandra, Rs. 775 as salary for the
month of November has been debited to his personal account as Rs. 757.
Pass journal entries and draw up the suspense account.
|
Date
|
Particulars
|
LF
|
Debit
Rs. |
Credit
Rs. |
|
31-12-2002
|
Suspense account Dr
To Sales account (Being under casting of sales book rectified) |
|
1,200
|
1200
|
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3. From the given trial balance
draft an Adjusted Trial Balance.
Trial
Balance as on 31.03.2011
|
Debit
balances
|
Rs.
|
Credit
balances
|
Rs.
|
|
Furniture and Fittings
|
10000
|
Bank Over Draft
|
16000
|
|
Buildings
|
500000
|
Capital Account
|
400000
|
|
Sales Returns
|
1000
|
Purchase Returns
|
4000
|
|
Bad Debts
|
2000
|
Sundry Creditors
|
30000
|
|
Sundry Debtors
|
25000
|
Commission
|
5000
|
|
Purchases
|
90000
|
Sales
|
235000
|
|
Advertising
|
20000
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
10000
|
|
|
|
Taxes and Insurance
|
5000
|
|
|
|
General Expenses
|
7000
|
|
|
|
Salaries
|
20000
|
|
|
|
TOTAL
|
690000
|
TOTAL
|
690000
|
Adjustments:
1. Charge depreciation at 10% on
Buildings and Furniture and fittings.
2. Write off further bad debts
1000
3. Taxes and Insurance prepaid
2000
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4. Compute trend ratios
and comment on
the financial performance
of Infosys Technologies Ltd. from
the following extract of its income statements of five years.
(in Rs.
Crore)
|
Particulars
|
2010-11
|
2009-10
|
2008-09
|
2007-08
|
2006-07
|
|
Revenue
|
27,501
|
22,742
|
21,693
|
16,692
|
13,893
|
|
Operating Profit
(PBIDT) |
8,968
|
7,861
|
7,195
|
5,238
|
4,391
|
|
PAT from ordinary
activities |
6,835
|
6,218
|
5,988
|
4,659
|
3,856
|
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5. Give the
meaning of cash
flow analysis and
put down the
objectives of cash
flow analysis. Explain the preparation of cash flow statement.
Meaning of Cash Flow Analysis
Cash flow analysis is
an important tool of financial analysis. It is the process of understanding the
change in position with respect to
cash in the current year and
the reasons responsible
for such a
change. Incidentally, the analysis
also helps us
to understand whether
the investing and
financing decision taken by the company during the year are appropriate
are not. Cash flow analysis
is presented in the form
of a statement.
Such a statement is called a cash
flow statement.
Objectives of Cash Flow Analysis
Cash flow analysis is done with the objective of
understanding some of the following
important questions:
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6. Write the assumptions of
marginal costing. Differentiate between absorption costing and marginal
costing.
Assumptions of marginal costing (all 7 points)
Marginal costing is based on the
following assumptions:
1. Segregation of cost into fixed and variable
The whole principle
of marginal costing is based on the idea
that some costs vary with
production while some
costs don’t. Therefore,
it is assumed that
a clear bifurcation
between fixed and variable
costs is possible. Even
if some costs
do not entirely
qualify as fixed
or as variable, it is still
possible to separate such mixed cost
with respect to the amount, which
remains fixed and
the amount which
varies with production.
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SUBJECT CODE & NAME MB0042- MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS
1. What is production function and
its uses? Explain the two types of production functions.
Production function
The entire
theory of production
centres revolves around
the concept of production function. A
“production function” expresses the technological or engineering
relationship between physical quantity of inputs employed and physical quantity
of outputs obtained by a firm. It specifies a flow of output resulting from a
flow of inputs during a specified period of time. It may be in the form of a
table, a graph or an equation specifying maximum output rate from a given
amount of inputs used. As it relates
inputs to outputs, it is also called “input-output relation.” The production is
purely physical in nature and is
determined by the
quantum of technology,
availability of equipments, labour, raw materials, etc.
employed by a firm.
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2. Consumers' interview method is a survey method used for estimating the
demand for new products. This method is very important with regard to collect
the relevant information directly from the consumers with regard to their
future purchase plans. Opinion surveys and direct interview method are the two
important techniques among all. Describe these two methods in detail.
Consumer’s interview method
Under this
method, efforts are
made to collect
the relevant information directly from
the consumers with
regard to their
future purchase plans.
In order to gather
information from consumers,
a number of
alternative techniques are developed from time to time. Among them, the
following are some of the important ones:
a) Opinion survey method
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3. A cost-schedule is a statement of variations in costs resulting from
variations in the levels of output and it shows the response of costs to
changes in output. If we represent the relationship between changes in the
level of output and costs of production, we get different types of cost curves
in the short run. Define the kinds of cost concepts like TFC, TVC, TC,AFC, AVC,
AC and MC and its corresponding curves with suitable diagrams for each.
Answer:
In order
to study the
relationship between the
level of output
and corresponding cost of production, we have to prepare the cost
schedule of the firm. A cost-schedule is
a statement of variations in costs
resulting from variations in the levels of output. It shows the response of
costs to changes in output. Below table represents a hypothetical cost schedule
of a firm.
|
Output
in Units |
TFC
in Rs. |
TVC
in Rs. |
TC
in Rs. |
AFC
in Rs. |
AVC
in Rs. |
AC
in Rs. |
MC
in Rs. |
|
0
|
360
|
–
|
360
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
|
1
|
360
|
180
|
540
|
360
|
180
|
540
|
180
|
|
2
|
360
|
240
|
600
|
180
|
120
|
300
|
60
|
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4. Inflation is a global Phenomenon which is associated with high price
causes decline in the value for money. It exists when the amount of money in
the country is in excess of the physical volume of goods and services. Explain
the reasons for this monetary phenomenon.
Meaning:
Inflation has
become a global
phenomenon in recent
years. Development economics is
very much associated
with inflation. An
in-depth study of inflation is of paramount importance to a
student of managerial economics .The term
inflation is used
in many senses
and hence it
is very difficult
to give a generally
accepted, universally agreeable,
and precise definition
to the term inflation. Popularly,
inflation is associated with high prices, which causes a decline in the
value of money.
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5. Discuss the practical application of Price elasticity and Income
elasticity of demand.
Practical application of price elasticity of demand
Few examples on the
practical application of price elasticity of demand are as follows:
1. Production planning – It
helps a producer to decide about the volume of
production. If the
demand for his
products is inelastic,
specific quantities can be produced while he has to produce different
quantities, if the demand is elastic.
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6. Define revenue. Explain the types of revenue and the relationship
between TR, AR and MR with an example of
a hypothetical revenue schedule.
Definition of revenue
Revenue means the sale
receipts of the output produced by the firm. It depends on the market price.
The amount of money, which the firm receives by the sale of its output in the
market, is known as its revenue.
Types of revenue
There are
three concepts of revenue – total
revenue, average revenue and marginal revenue.
Total Revenue (TR)
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SEMESTER 1
SUBJECT CODE & NAME - MB0043 –Human Resource
Management
1. Explain the functions of Human Resource Management
HRM functions
HRM functions can be
broadly classified into the following two categories:
1. Managerial functions
2. Operative functions
Managerial functions of HR department
The managerial functions
of HR department include the following:
·
Planning
– Future course of action; it
also includes identifying human resource requirements and forecasting personnel
needs.
·
Organising
– Division of labour; assignment
of responsibility is part of the organisation’s functions.
·
Staffing
– It is
the process of
obtaining and maintaining
capable and competent personnel
in various positions
at all levels,
i.e., manpower planning,
recruitment, selection, placement and induction.
·
·
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·
·
2. Define Management Development.
Discuss the Off the job development methods.
Definition of Management Development
Management development is
related to the development and growth of the employees in
an organisation through
a systematic process.
This development is future-oriented and
prepares managers for
a career of valuable
contribution to the
organisation. It is
concerned with the
learning and development of
the employees. It
helps in the
development of the intellectual, managerial and people
management skills of managers. It trains managers to
understand and analyse
different situations, and
to arrive at and implement the correct solutions.
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3. Discuss the concept of HRIS.
Explain the applications of HRIS in Human Resource Management.
Concept of HRIS
HRIS, HR
Technology or HR
modules are an
intersection between HRM and IT. It merges HRM as a discipline and
in particular its basic HR activities and processes with the IT field, whereas
the planning and programming of data processing systems evolved into
standardised routines and packages of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
software. On the whole, these ERP systems
have their origin
in software that
integrates information from different applications into one
universal database. The linkage of its financial and human resource modules
through one database is the most important distinction to
the individually and
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4. Discuss the basic guidelines of
a Disciplinary policy.
Basic guidelines of a Disciplinary policy
The principal
ingredients of a
sound disciplinary system in
organisations are:
1. Location
of responsibility: The
responsibility of creating
awareness regarding
discipline is entrusted
with every individual
in the organisation. In case of
employee indiscipline, the line manager issues only verbal
and written warnings.
In serious cases,
which warrant discharge or
suspension, the Industrial
Relations Officer and
other independent legal consultants need to be consulted.
2. Proper
formulation and communication
of rules: The
employees are expected to
conform to rules
and regulations, and
behave in a responsible manner. It is essential that
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5. Suppose you have joined as an
HR and you have been assigned a task to carry out the grievance handling
procedure in your organization. What according to you are the causes of
Grievance? Describe in detail the Grievance handling procedure.
Causes of Grievance
Grievances may occur for a
number of reasons:
(a) Economic:
Wage fixation, over
time bonus, wage
revision etc. Employees may feel
that they are paid less when compared to others.
(b) Work
environment: Poor physical
conditions of workplace,
tight production norms, defective
tools and equipment,
poor quality of materials, unfair rules, lack of
recognitions etc.
(c) Supervision:
Relates to the
attitude of the
supervisor towards the employee such as perceived notion of
bias, favoritism, nepotism, caste affiliations, regional feelings etc.
(d) Work group:
Employee is unable to adjust with his colleagues, suffers from feelings
of neglect, humiliations.
(e) Miscellaneous: These
include issues related to
certain violations with respect to promotions, safety methods,
transfer, disciplinary rules, fines, granting leave, medical facilities, etc.
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6. Write short notes on the following :
a)Job Enlargement
b)Job Enrichment
a) Job enlargement
Job enlargement
involves increasing the
length and hence
the operating time of each cycle
of work for the job holder.
Job
enlargement is a job design technique wherein there is an increase in the
number of tasks associated with a certain job. In other words, it means
increasing the scope
of one’s duties
and responsibilities. The
increase in scope is quantitative
in nature and not qualitative and at the same level.Job enlargement is a
horizontal restructuring method that aims at increasing the workforce
flexibility and at the same time reducing monotony that may develop over a
period of time. It is also known as horizontal loading in that the
responsibilities increase at the same level and not vertically. Many believe
that since the enlargement is horizontal in nature there is
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b) Job enrichment
Job enrichment
is the most
popular technique for
enhancing employee motivation.
Job enrichment
is done by
redesigning jobs so
as to increase
both their scope and their depth.
Typically job enrichment involves combining various existing and new tasks
into one
large module of
work. The work
is then handed
over to an employee, which means there is an increase
in responsibilities and scope. This increase in responsibility is often
vertical. The idea is to group various tasks together such that natural work
units are created.
In
addition, expanding jobs vertically also gives employee direct control over
work units that were formerly under the jurisdiction of top management only.
While on one hand this increases
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